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Chapter 1 Introduction1

Ⅰ．Development of Pharmacology1

Ⅱ．New Drug Research2

Chapter 2 Pharmacodynamics3

Ⅰ．General Classification of Drug Effects3

Ⅱ．Dose-Effect Relationship4

Ⅲ．Receptor Theory and Drug Receptor Interaction6

Ⅳ．Receptor Families and Their Transducer and Effector Molecules9

Ⅴ．Relationship Between Regulatory Mechanisms of Receptors and the Pharmacological Action11

Ⅵ．Mechanism of Action12

Chapter 3 Pharmacokinetics13

Ⅰ．Drug Transport across Membranes13

Ⅱ．The Dynamics of Drug Absorption,Distribution,and Elimination14

Ⅲ．General Principles of Pharmacokinetics19

Chapter 4 Pharmacogenetics24

Ⅰ．The Objectives of Research in Pharmacogenetics24

Ⅱ．The Effect of Genetic Factors on Drug Reactions25

Ⅲ．The Racial Difference of Drug Reaction and Metabolism29

Chapter 5 Autonomic Pharmacology31

Ⅰ．Anatomy and Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System31

Ⅱ．Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Transmitters32

Ⅲ．Locations of Autonomic Receptors35

Ⅳ．Presynaptic Regulation of Transmitter Release36

Ⅴ．Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity38

Ⅵ．Coupling Mechanism of Receptor-effect39

Ⅶ．Mode of Action of Autonomic Nervous System Drugs40

Ⅷ．Classification of Autonomic Nervous System Drugs41

Chapter 6 Cholinoceptor-Activating and Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs42

Ⅰ．Direct-acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants42

Ⅱ．Cholinesterase Inhibitors44

Chapter 7 Organophosphates Anticholinesterase Intoxication and Cholinesterase Reactivators47

Ⅰ．Organophosphates Anticholinesterase Intoxication47

Ⅱ．Cholinesterase Reactivator48

Chapter 8 M Cholinoceptor Antagonists50

Ⅰ．Natural M Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs50

Ⅱ．Synthetic Spasmolytic Drugs53

Chapter 9 N Cholinoceptor Antagonists54

Ⅰ．N1 Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs54

Ⅱ．N2 Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs55

Chapter 10 Adrenoceptor-Activating Drugs58

Ⅰ．Chemical Structure58

Ⅱ．Classification59

Ⅲ．Mixed α and β Receptor Agonists60

Ⅳ．α Receptor Agonists63

Ⅴ．β Receptor Agonists64

Ⅵ．Dopaminergic Receptor Agonists66

Chapter 11 Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs69

Ⅰ．α Receptor Antagonists69

Ⅱ．β Receptor Antagonists73

Ⅲ．α,β Receptor Antagonists76

Chapter 12 Sedative-Hypnotics Drugs78

Ⅰ．Introduction78

Ⅱ．Benzodiazepines79

Ⅲ．Barbiturates83

Ⅳ．Other Sedative-Hypnotics85

Chapter 13 Antiepileptic Drugs88

Ⅰ．Classification of Seizure Types88

Ⅱ．Drugs Used in Seizures89

Ⅲ．Selectivity and Withdrawal of Antiepileptic Drugs94

Ⅳ．Anticonvulsant Drugs95

Chapter 14 Psychotropic Drugs97

Ⅰ．Antipsychotic Drugs97

Ⅱ．Antimanic Drugs103

Ⅲ．Antidepressants105

Chapter 15 Antiparkinsonism Drugs108

Ⅰ．Dopaminergic Drugs108

Ⅱ．Anticholinergic Drugs111

Ⅲ．Others112

Chapter 16 Antipyretic-Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Drugs113

Ⅰ．Introduction113

Ⅱ．Salicylates115

Ⅲ．Anilines117

Ⅳ．Pyrazolones117

Ⅴ．Others118

Ⅵ．Analgesic Compounds120

Ⅶ．Slow Acting Antirheumatic Drugs120

Ⅷ．Antigout Drugs121

Chapter 17 Narcotic Analgesics123

Ⅰ．Introduction123

Ⅱ．Opioid Receptor Agonists125

Ⅲ．Opioid Receptor Antagonists130

Chapter 18 Central Stimulants132

Ⅰ．Cerebral Stimulants132

Ⅱ．Medullary Stimulants135

Chapter 19 Drugs Used in the Treatment of Heart Failure136

Ⅰ．Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure136

Ⅱ．Diuretics138

Ⅲ．Aldosterone Antagonists138

Ⅳ．Inhibitors of RAAS:ACEI and AT1 Receptor Antagonists138

Ⅴ．β Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Agents139

Ⅵ．Vasodilators139

Ⅶ．Cardiac Glycosides139

Ⅷ．β Adrenergic Receptor Stimulators146

Ⅸ．Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors147

Chapter 20 Antihypertensive Drugs148

Ⅰ．Introduction148

Ⅱ．Drugs that Alter Sodium and Water Balance150

Ⅲ．Drugs that Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function152

Ⅳ．Vasodilators156

Ⅴ．Drugs that Interfere with the Renin-Angiotensin System160

Ⅵ．Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Drugs162

Chapter 21 Anti-Angina Pectoris Drugs164

Ⅰ．Introduction164

Ⅱ．Nitrates and Nitrites165

Ⅲ．Calcium Channel Blockers167

Ⅳ．β Receptor Antagonists167

Chapter 22 Antiarhythmic Drugs170

Ⅰ．Introduction170

Ⅱ．Class IA174

Ⅲ．Class IB176

Ⅳ．Class IC178

Ⅴ．Class Ⅱ178

Ⅵ．Class Ⅲ179

Ⅶ．Class Ⅳ180

Ⅷ．Others181

Chapter 23 Antihyperlipidemic Drugs184

Ⅰ．Atherogenesis184

Ⅱ．Lipoprotein Transport185

Ⅲ．Dyslipidaemia186

Ⅳ．Antihyperlipidemic Drugs186

Chapter 24 Diuretic and Dehydrant Drugs191

Ⅰ．Kidney Structure and Function191

Ⅱ．Diuretics193

Ⅲ．Osmotic Diuretics(Mannitol,Sorbitol,Glucose,Urea)198

Chapter 25 Antiasthmatic Drugs199

Ⅰ．Bronchodilators199

Ⅱ．Anti-Inflammatory Drugs203

Chapter 26 Drugs Used in Gastrointestinal Diseases206

Ⅰ．Drugs Used to Treat Peptic Ulcer206

Ⅱ．Antiemetic Drugs210

Ⅲ．Antidiarrheal Drugs212

Ⅳ．Laxatives212

Chapter 27 Drugs Affecting Uterine Motility214

Ⅰ．Drugs that Stimulate Uterine Contraction214

Ⅱ．Drugs that Inhibit Uterine Contraction216

Chapter 28 Anticoagulants and Coagulants217

Ⅰ．Introduction217

Ⅱ．Anticoagulants219

Ⅲ．Antiplatelet Drugs223

Ⅳ．Fibrinolytic Drugs225

Ⅴ．Coagulants226

Chapter 29 Histamine and Antihistamine Drugs228

Ⅰ．Histamine228

Ⅱ．H1 Receptor Antagonists231

Ⅲ．H2 Receptor Antagonists232

Chapter 30 Adrenocorticosteroids234

Ⅰ．Introduction234

Ⅱ．Glucocorticoids235

Ⅲ．Mineralocorticoids243

Chapter 31 Drugs Affecting the Thyroid Gland245

Ⅰ．Thyroid Hormone(TH)245

Ⅱ．Antithyroid Drugs247

Chapter 32 Antidiabetic Drugs250

Ⅰ．Insulin250

Ⅱ．Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs254

Ⅲ．Current Treatment Options258

Chapter 33 Introduction to Antibacterial Drugs259

Ⅰ．Specialty Terms259

Ⅱ．Antimicrobial Mechanisms260

Ⅲ．Mechanism of Resistance to Antibiotics261

Chapter 34 Synthetic Antimicrobial Drugs263

Ⅰ．Sulfonamides263

Ⅱ．Trimethoprim265

Ⅲ．Quinolones268

Chapter 35 β-Lactam Antibiotics272

Ⅰ．Penicillins272

Ⅱ．Cephalosporins278

Ⅲ．Other β-Lactam Drugs281

Chapter 36 Macrolides,Lincosamides and Glycopeptides284

Ⅰ．Macrolides284

Ⅱ．Lincosamides288

Ⅲ．Glycopeptides290

Chapter 37 Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics292

Ⅰ．Tetracyclines292

Ⅱ．Chloramphenicols296

Chapter 38 Aminoglycosides and Polypeptides299

Ⅰ．Aminoglycosides299

Ⅱ．Polypeptides305

Chapter 39 Antifungal Drugs306

Ⅰ．Antibiotics306

Ⅱ．Azole Antifungal Drugs307

Ⅲ．Allylamine Antifungal Drugs308

Ⅳ．Pyrimidine Antifungal Drugs308

Chapter 40 Antiviral Drugs310

Ⅰ．Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drugs311

Ⅱ．Anti-Herpersvirus Drugs318

Ⅲ．Anti-Influenza Drugs324

Ⅳ．Anti-Hepacivirus Drugs328

Chapter 41 Antimycobacterial Drugs332

Ⅰ．Introduction332

Ⅱ．First-Line Drugs Used in Tuberculosis332

Ⅲ．Alternative Second-Line Drugs in Treatment of Tuberculosis337

Ⅳ．Combination Chemotherapy ofTuberculosis339

Chapter 42 Antimalarial Drugs340

Ⅰ．Plasmodium Life Cycles and Action of Antimalarial Drugs340

Ⅱ．Antimalarial Drugs Mainly Applied to Control Symptoms341

Ⅲ．Antimalarial Drugs Mainly Applied to Control Relapse and Transmission351

Ⅳ．Antimalarial Drugs MainlyApplied to Causal Prophylaxis352

Chapter 43 Amebicides355

Ⅰ．Life Cycles of Entamoeba Histolytica and Action of Amebicides355

Ⅱ．Luminal Amebicides356

Ⅲ．Extraintestinal Amebicides359

Ⅳ．Luminal and Simultaneously Extraintestinal Amebicides360

Chapter 44 Anthelmintic Drugs364

Ⅰ．Nematocides364

Ⅱ．Taeniacides366

Ⅲ．Anti-Trematode Drugs366

Chapter 45 Antineoplastic Drugs369

Ⅰ．Introduction369

Ⅱ．Cytotoxic Drugs372

Ⅲ．Non-Cytotoxic Drugs378

References382