实时数字信号处理：基于TMS320C55X的实现、应用和实验PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

实时数字信号处理：基于TMS320C55X的实现、应用和实验PDF格式电子书版下载

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1 Introduction to Real-Time Digital Signal Processing1

1.1 Basic Elements of Real-Time DSP Systems2

1.2 Input and Output Channels3

1.2.1 Input Signal Conditioning3

1.2.2 A/D Conversion4

1.2.3 Sampling5

1.2.4 Quantizing and Encoding7

1.2.6 Input/Output Devices9

1.2.5 D/A Conversion9

1.3 DSP Hardware11

1.3.1 DSP Hardware Options11

1.3.2 Fixed-and Floating-Point Devices13

1.3.3 Real-Time Constraints14

1.4 DSP System Design14

1.4.1 Algorithm Development14

1.4.2 Selection of DSP Chips16

1.4.3 Software Development17

1.4.4 High-Level Software Development Tools18

1.5 Experiments Using Code Composer Studio19

1.5.1 Experiment 1A-Using the CCS and the TMS320C55x Simulator20

1.5.2 Experiment 1B-Debugging Program on the CCS25

1.5.3 Experiment 1C-File Input and Output28

1.5.4 Experiment 1D-Code Efficiency Analysis29

1.5.5 Experiment 1E-General Extension Language32

References33

Exercises33

2.1 Introduction35

2 Introduction to TMS320C55x Digital Signal Processor35

2.2 TMS320C55x Architecture36

2.2.1 TMS320C55x Architecture Overview36

2.2.2 TMS320C55x Buses39

2.2.3 TMS320C55x Memory Map40

2.3 Software Development Tools40

2.3.1 C Compiler42

2.3.2 Assembler44

2.3.3 Linker46

2.3.4 Code Composer Studio48

2.3.5 Assembly Statement Syntax49

2.4 TMS320C55x Addressing Modes50

2.4.1 Direct Addressing Mode52

2.4.2 Indirect Addressing Mode53

2.4.3 Absolute Addressing Mode56

2.4.4 Memory-Mapped Register Addressing Mode56

2.4.5 Register Bits Addressing Mode57

2.4.6 Circular Addressing Mode58

2.5.1 TMS320C55x Pipeline59

2.5 Pipeline and Parallelism59

2.5.2 Parallel Execution60

2.6 TMS320C55x Instruction Set63

2.6.1 Arithmetic Instructions63

2.6.2 Logic and Bits Manipulation Instructions64

2.6.3 Move Instruction65

2.6.4 Program Flow Control Instructions66

2.7 Mixed C and Assembly Language Programming68

2.8 Experiments-Assembly Programming Basics70

2.8.1 Experiment 2A-Interfacing C with Assembly Code71

2.8.2 Experiment 2B-Addressing Mode Experiments72

Rererences75

Exercises75

3 DSP Fundamentals and Implementation Considerations77

3.1 Digital Signals and Systems77

3.1.1 Elementary Digital Signals77

3.1.2 Block Diagram Representation of Digital Systems79

3.1.3 Impulse Response of Digital Systems83

3.2 Introduction to Digital Filters83

3.2.1 FIR Filters and Power Estimators84

3.2.2 Response of Linear Systems87

3.2.3 IIR Filters88

3.3 Introduction to Random Variables90

3.3.1 Review of Probability and Random Variables90

3.3.2 Operations on Random Variables92

3.4 Fixed-Point Representation and Arithmetic95

3.5 Quantization Errors98

3.5.1 Input Quantization Noise98

3.5.2 Coefficient Quantization Noise101

3.5.3 Roundoff Noise102

3.6 Overflow and Solutions103

3.6.1 Saturation Arithmetic103

3.6.2 Overflow Handling104

3.6.3 Scaling of Signals105

3.7 Implementation Procedure for Real-Time Applications107

3.8 Experiments of Fixed-Point Implementations108

3.8.1 Experiment 3A-Quantization of Sinusoidal Signals109

3.8.2 Experiment 3B-Quantization of Speech Signals111

3.8.3 Experiment 3C-Overflow and Saturation Arithmetic112

3.8.4 Experiment 3D-Quantization of Coefficients115

3.8.5 Experiment 3E-Synthesizing Sine Function117

References121

Exercises122

4 Frequency Analysis127

4.1 Fourier Series and Transform127

4.1.1 Fourier Series127

4.1.2 Fourier Transform130

4.2.1 Definitions and Basic Properties133

4.2 The z-Transforms133

4.2.2 Inverse z-Transform136

4.3 System Concepts141

4.3.1 Transfer Functions141

4.3.2 Digital Filters143

4.3.3 Poles and Zeros144

4.3.4 Frequency Responses148

4.4 Discrete Fourier Transform152

4.4.1 Discrcte-Time Fourier Series and Transform152

4.4.2 Aliasing and Folding154

4.4.3 Discrete Fourier Transform157

4.4.4 Fast Fourier Transform159

4.5 Applications160

4.5.1 Design of Simple Notch Filters160

4.5.2 Analysis of Room Acoustics162

4.6 Experiments Using the TMS320C55x165

4.6.1 Experiment 4A-Twiddle Factor Generation167

4.6.2 Experiment 4B-Complex Data Operation169

4.6.3 Experiment 4C-Implementation of DFT171

4.6.4 Experiment 4D-Experiment Using Assembly Routines173

References176

Exercises176

5 Design and Implementation of FIR Filters181

5.1 Introduction to Digital Filters181

5.1.1 Filter Characteristics182

5.1.2 Filter Types183

5.1.3 Filter Specifications185

5.2.1 Linear Convolution189

5.2 FIR Filtering189

5.2.2 Some Simple FIR Filters192

5.2.3 Linear Phase FIR Filters194

5.2.4 Realization of FIR Filters198

5.3 Design of FIR Filters201

5.3.1 Filter Design Procedure201

5.3.2 Fourier Series Method202

5.3.3 Gibbs Phenomenon205

5.3.4 Window Functions208

5.3.5 Frequency Sampling Method214

5.4 Design of FIR Filters Using MATLAB219

5.5.1 Software Implementations221

5.5 Implementation Considerations221

5.5.2 Quantization Effects in FIR Filters223

5.6 Experiments Using the TMS320C55x225

5.6.1 Experiment 5A-Implementation of Block FIR Filter227

5.6.2 Experiment 5B-Implementation of Symmetric FIR Filter230

5.6.3 Experiment 5C-Implementation of FIR Filter Using Dual-MAC233

References235

Exercises236

6.1.1 Introduction to the Laplace Transform241

6 Design and Implementation of IIR Filters241

6.1 Laplace Transform241

6.1.2 Relationships between the Laplace and z-Transforms245

6.1.3 Mapping Properties246

6.2 Analog Filters247

6.2.1 Introduction to Analog Filters248

6.2.2 Characteristics of Analog Filters249

6.23 Frequency Transforms253

6.3.1 Review of IIR Filters255

6.3 Design of IIR Filters255

6.3.2 Impulse-Invariant Method256

6.3.3 Bilinear Transform259

6.3.4 Filter Design Using Bilinear Transform261

6.4 Realization of IIR Filters263

6.4.1 Direct Forms263

6.4.2 Cascade Form266

6.4.3 Parallel Form268

6.4.4 Realization Using MATLAB269

6.5 Design of IIR Filters Using MATLAB271

6.6 Implementation Considerations273

6.6.1 Stability274

6.6.2 Finite-Precision Effects and Solutions275

6.6.3 Software Implementations279

6.6.4 Practical Applications280

6.7 Software Developments and Experiments Using the TMS320C55x284

6.7.1 Design of IIR Filter285

6.7.2 Experiment 6A-Floating-Point C Implementation286

6.7.3 Experiment 6B-Fixed-Point C Implementation Using Intrinsics289

6.7.4 Experiment 6C-Fixed-Point C Programming Considerations292

6.7.5 Experiment 6D-Assembly Language Implementations295

References297

Exercises297

7 Fast Fourier Transform and Its Applications303

7.1 Discrete Fourier Transform303

7.1.1 Definitions304

7.1.2 Important Properties of DFT308

7.1.3 Circular Convolution311

7.2 Fast Fourier Transforms314

7.2.1 Decimation-in-Time315

7.2.2 Decimation-in-Frequency319

7.2.3 Inverse Fast Fourier Transform320

7.2.4 MATLAB Implementations321

7.3 Applications322

7.3.1 Spectrum Estimation and Analysis322

7.3.2 Spectral Leakage and Resolution324

7.3.3 Power Density Spectrum328

7.3.4 Fast Convolution330

7.3.5 Spectrogram332

7.4 Implementation Considerations333

7.4.1 Computational Issues334

7.4.2 Finite-Precision Effects334

7.5 Experiments Using the TMS320C55x336

7.5.1 Experiment 7A-Radix-2 Complex FFT336

7.5.2 Experiment 7B-Radix-2 Complex FFT Using Assembly Language341

7.5.4 Experiment 7D-Fast Convolution344

7.5.3 Experiment 7C-FFT and IFFT344

References346

Exercises347

8 Adaptive Filtering351

8.1 Introduction to Random Processes351

8.1.1 Correlation Functions352

8.1.2 Frequency-Domain Representations356

8.2 Adaptive Filters359

8.2.1 Introduction to Adaptive Filtering359

8.2.2 Performance Function361

8.2.3 Method of Steepest Descent365

8.2.4 The LMS Algorithm366

8.3 Performance Analysis367

8.3.1 Stability Constraint367

8.3.2 Convergence Speed368

8.3.3 Excess Mean-Square Error369

8.4 Modified LMS Algorithms370

8.4.1 Normalized LMS Algorithm370

8.4.2 Leaky LMS Algorithm371

8.5 Applications372

8.5.1 Adaptive System Identification372

8.5.2 Adaptive Linear Prediction373

8.5.3 Adaptive Noise Cancellation375

8.5.4 Adaptive Notch Filters377

8.5.5 Adaptive Channel Equalization379

8.6 Implementation Considerations381

8.6.1 Computational Issues381

8.6.2 Finite-Precision Effects382

8.7.1 Experiment 8A-Adaptive System Identification385

8.7 Experiments Using the TMS320C55x385

8.7.2 Experiment 8B-Adaptive Predictor Using the Leaky LMS Algorithm390

References396

Exercises396

9 Practical DSP Applications in Communications399

9.1 Sinewave Generators and Applications399

9.1.1 Lookup-Table Method400

9.1.2 Linear Chirp Signal402

9.1.3 DTMF Tone Generator403

9.2 Noise Generators and Applications404

9.2.1 Linear ?ongruential Sequence Generator404

9.2.2 Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence Generator406

9.2.3 Comfort Noise in Communication Systems408

9.2.4 Off-Line System Modeling409

9.3 DTMF Tone Detection410

9.3.1 Specifications410

9.3.2 Goertzel Algorithm411

9.3.3 Implementation Considerations414

9.4 Adaptive Echo Cancellation417

9.4.1 Line Echoes417

9.4.2 Adaptive Echo Canceler418

9.4.3 Practical Considerations422

9.4.4 Double-Talk Effects and Solutions423

9.4.5 Residual Echo Suppressor425

9.5 Acoustic Echo Cancellation426

9.5.1 Introduction426

9.5.2 Acoustic Echo Canceler427

9.5.3 Implementation Considerations428

9.6 Speech Enhancement Techniques429

9.6.1 Noise Reduction Techniques429

9.6.2 Spectral Subtraction Techniques431

9.6.3 Implementation Considerations433

9.7 Projects Using the TMS320C55x435

9.7.1 Project Suggestions435

9.7.2 A Project Example-Wireless Application437

References442

A.1 Trigonometric Identities445

Appendix A Some Useful Formulas445

A.2 Geometric Series446

A.3 Complex Variables447

A.4 Impulse Functions449

A.5 Vector Concepts449

A.6 Units of Power450

Reference451

B.1 Elementary Operations453

B.1.1 Initializing Variables and Vectors453

Appendix B Introduction of MATLAB for DSP Applications453

B.1.2 Graphics455

B.1.3 Basic Operators457

B.1.4 Files459

B.2 Generation and Processing of Digital Signals460

B.3 DSP Applications463

B.4 User-Written Functions465

B.5 Summary of Useful MATLAB Functions466

References467

Appendix C Introduction of C Programming for DSP Applications469

C.1 A Simple C Program470

C.1.1 Variables and Assignment Operators472

C.1.2 Numeric Data Types and Conversion473

C.1.3 Arrays474

C.2 Arithmetic and Bitwise Operators475

C.2.1 Arithmetic Operators475

C.2.2 Bitwise Operators476

C.3 An FIR Filter Program476

C.3.1 Command-Line Arguments477

C.3.2 Pointers477

C.3.3 C Functions478

C.3.4 Files and I/O Operations480

C.4 Control Structures and Loops481

C.4.1 Control Structures481

C.4.2 Logical Operators483

C.4.3 Loops484

C.5 Data Types Used by the TMS320C55x485

References486

Appendix D About the Software487

Index489