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Introduction1

1: THE BACK5

SURFACE ANATOMY5

SKELETON OF THE BACK5

SKIN AND SUPERFICIAL FASCIA8

Dissection Overview8

Dissection Instructions8

Skin Incisions8

Superficial Fascia9

Dissection Follow-up9

SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE BACK9

Dissection Overview9

Dissection Instructions9

Trapezius Muscle9

Latissimus Dorsi Muscle11

Rhomboid Major and Rhomboid Minor Muscles11

Levator Scapulae Muscle11

Dissection Follow-up12

INTERMEDIATE MUSCLES OF THE BACK12

DEEP MUSCLES OF THE BACK12

Dissection Overview12

Dissection Instructions12

Splenius Muscle12

Erector Spinae Muscle13

Transversospinal Group of Muscles13

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle14

Dissection Follow-up14

SUBOCCIPITAL REGION14

Dissection Overview14

Dissection Instructions14

Dissection Follow-up15

VERTEBRAL CANAL, SPINAL CORD, AND MENINGES15

Dissection Overview15

Dissection Instructions16

Spinal Meninges17

Dissection Follow-up19

2: THE UPPER LIMB21

SURFACE ANATOMY21

SUPERFICIAL VEINS AND CUTANEOUS NERVES21

Dissection Overview21

Dissection Instructions22

Skin Incisions22

Superficial Veins22

Cutaneous Nerves23

Dissection Follow-up24

SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE BACK24

SCAPULAR REGION24

Dissection Overview24

Skeleton of the Scapular Region24

Dissection Instructions24

Dissection Follow-up26

PECTORAL REGION26

Dissection Overview26

Dissection Instructions26

Breast26

Superficial Fascia27

Dissection Follow-up28

MUSCLES OF THE PECTORAL REGION28

Dissection Overview28

Dissection Instructions29

Dissection Follow-up30

AXILLA30

Dissection Overview30

Dissection Instructions31

Axillary Artery31

Brachial Plexus32

Dissection Follow-up34

ARM AND CUBITAL FOSSA34

Dissection Overview34

Skeleton of the Arm and Cubital Region35

Dissection Instructions35

Anterior Compartment of the Arm35

Cubital Fossa37

Posterior Compament of the Arm38

Dissection Follow-up39

FLEXOR REGION OF THE FOREARM40

Dissection Overview40

Skeleton of the Forearm40

Dissection Instructions41

Superficial Layer of Flexor Muscles41

Intermediate Layer of Flexor Muscles42

Vessels and Nerves of the Anterior Forearm44

Deep Layer of Flexor Muscles46

Dissection Follow-up47

PALM OF THE HAND46

Dissection Overview46

Skeleton of the Hand47

Dissection Instructions47

Skin Incisions47

Superficial Palm47

Carpal Tunnel49

Thenar Muscles50

Hypothenar Muscles51

Deep Palm51

Dissection Follow-up52

EXTENSOR REGION OF THE FOREARM AND DORSUM OF THE HAND53

Dissection Overview53

Dissection Instructions53

Superficial Layer of Extensor Muscles53

Deep Layer of Extensor Muscles55

Dissection Follow-up55

JOINTS OF THE UPPER LIMB57

Dissection Overview57

Dissection Instructions57

Sternoclavicular Joint57

Acromioclavicular Joint58

Glenohumeral Joint58

Elbow Joint and Proximal Radioulnar Joint60

Intermediate Radioulnar Joint61

Distal Radioulnar Joint61

Wrist Joint61

Metacarpophalangeal Joints61

Interphalangeal Joints62

3: THE THORAX63

SURFACE ANATOMY63

SKELETON OF THE THORAX63

PECTORAL REGION64

INTERCOSTAL SPACE AND INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES65

Dissection Overview65

Dissection Instructions65

Dissection Follow-up66

REMOVAL OF THE ANTERIOR THORACIC WALL66

Dissection Overview66

Dissection Instructions67

Dissection Follow-up67

PLEURAL CAVITIES68

Dissection Overview68

Dissection Instructions69

Dissection Follow-up69

LUNGS69

Dissection Overview69

Dissection Instructions69

Lungs in the Thorax69

Removal of the Lungs70

Dissection Follow-up72

MEDIASTINUM72

Dissection Overview72

Dissection Instructions73

Dissection Follow-up73

MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM73

Dissection Overview73

Dissection Instructions73

Heart in the Thorax73

Removal of the Heart75

Dissection Follow-up76

EXTERNAL FEATURES OF THE HEART76

Dissection Overview76

Dissection Instructions76

Surface Features76

Cardiac Veins76

Coronary Arteries77

Dissection Follow-up78

INTERNAL FEATURES OF THE HEART78

Dissection Overview78

Dissection Instructions78

Right Atrium78

Right Ventricle79

Left Atrium80

Left Ventricle81

Dissection Follow-up82

SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM82

Dissection Overview82

Dissection Instructions82

Dissection Follow-up84

POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM85

Dissection Overview85

Dissection Instructions85

Dissection Follow-up87

4: THE ABDOMEN89

SURFACE ANATOMY89

SUPERFICIAL FASCIA OF THE ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL90

Dissection Overview90

Dissection Instructions90

Skin Incisions90

Superficial Fascia90

Dissection Follow-up91

MUSCLES OF THE ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL91

Dissection Overview91

Skeleton of the Abdominal Wall92

Dissection Instructions92

External Oblique Muscle92

Internal Oblique Muscle93

Transversus Abdominis Muscle94

Deep Inguinal Ring95

Rectus Abdominis Muscle95

Dissection Follow-up98

REFLECTION OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL98

Dissection Overview98

Dissection Instructions98

PERITONEUM AND PERITONEAL CAVITY99

Dissection Overview99

Dissection Instructions99

Abdominal Viscera99

Peritoneum101

Dissection Follow-up102

CELIAC TRUNK, STOMACH, SPLEEN, LIVER, AND GALLBLADDER102

Dissection Overview102

Dissection Instructions102

Celiac Trunk103

Spleen105

Liver106

Gallbladder107

Dissection Follow-up107

SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY AND SMALL INTESTINE107

Dissection Overview107

Dissection Instructions108

Superior Mesenteric Artery108

Small Intestine110

Dissection Follow-up110

INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY AND LARGE INTESTINE110

Dissection Overview110

Dissection Instructions111

Inferior Mesenteric Artery111

Large Intestine111

Dissection Follow-up112

DUODENUM, PANCREAS, AND HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN112

Dissection Overview112

Dissection Instructions112

Duodenum112

Pancreas113

Hepatic Portal Vein114

Dissection Follow-up114

REMOVAL OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT114

Dissection Overview114

Dissection Instructions114

Dissection Follow-up116

POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL VISCERA116

Dissection Overview116

Dissection Instructions117

Kidneys117

Suprarenal Glands119

Abdominal Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava120

Dissection Follow-up120

POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL121

Dissection Overview121

Dissection Instructions121

Lumbar Plexus122

Abdominal Part of the Sympathetic Trunk122

Dissection Follow-up123

DIAPHRAGM123

Dissection Overview123

Dissection Instructions123

Dissection Follow-up124

5: THE PELVIS AND PERINEUM125

SKELETON OF THE PELVIS125

ANAL TRIANGLE127

Dissection Overview127

Dissection Instructions127

Skin and Superficial Fascia Removal127

Ischioanal Fossa128

Dissection Follow-up129

MALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA AND PERINEUM129

Dissection Overview129

Dissection Instructions129

Scrotum129

Spermatic Cord130

Testis131

Dissection Follow-up131

MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE132

Dissection Overview132

Dissection Instructions132

Skin Removal132

Superficial Perineal Pouch132

Penis134

Spongy Urethra135

Deep Perineal Pouch136

Dissection Follow-up137

MALE PELVIC CAVITY137

Dissection Overview137

Dissection Instructions137

Peritoneum137

Section of the Pelvis138

Male Internal Genitalia138

Dissection Follow-up140

URINARY BLADDER, RECTUM, AND ANAL CANAL140

Dissection Overview140

Dissection Instructions141

Urinary Bladder141

Rectum and Anal Canal141

Dissection Follow-up142

INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY AND SACRAL PLEXUS143

Dissection Overview143

Dissection Instructions143

Blood Vessels143

Nerves144

Dissection Follow-up145

PELVIC DIAPHRAGM145

Dissection Overview145

Dissection Instructions145

Dissection Follow-up147

FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA AND PERINEUM147

Labium Majus147

Dissection Overview147

Dissection Instructions148

Dissection Follow-up148

FEMALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE148

Dissection Overview148

Dissection Instructions148

External Genitalia148

Skin Removal149

Superficial Perineal Pouch and Clitoris149

Deep Perineal Pouch151

Dissection Follow-up152

FEMALE PELVIC CAVITY152

Dissection Overview152

Dissection Instructions153

Peritoneum153

Section of the Pelvis154

Female Internal Genitalia154

Dissection Follow-up156

URINARY BLADDER, RECTUM, AND ANAL CANAL156

Dissection Overview156

Dissection Instructions156

Urinary Bladder156

Rectum and Anal Canal158

Dissection Follow-up159

INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY AND SACRAL PLEXUS159

Dissection Overview159

Dissection Instructions159

Blood Vessels159

Nerves160

Dissection Follow-up161

PELVIC DIAPHRAGM161

Dissection Overview161

Dissection Instructions163

Dissection Follow-up163

6: THE LOWER LIMB165

SURFACE ANATOMY165

SUPERFICIAL VEINS AND CUTANEOUS NERVES165

Dissection Overview165

Dissection Instructions165

Skin Incisions165

Superficial Fascia of the Posterior Lower Limb166

Superficial Fascia of the Anterior Lower Limb168

Dissection Follow-up169

ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH169

Dissection Overview169

Skeleton of the Thigh169

Dissection Instructions170

Saphenous Opening170

Femoral Triangle171

Adductor Canal and Sartorius Muscle173

Quadriceps Femoris Muscle173

Dissection Follow-up175

MEDIAL COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH175

Dissection Overview175

Dissection Instructions175

Dissection Follow-up176

GLUTEAL REGION176

Dissection Overview176

Skeleton of the Gluteal Region177

Dissection Instructions177

Dissection Follow-up180

POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH AND POPLITEAL FOSSA181

Dissection Overview181

Skeleton of the PosteriorThigh181

Dissection Instructions181

Posterior Thigh181

Popliteal Fossa183

Dissection Follow-up184

LEG AND DORSUM OF THE FOOT184

Skeleton of the Leg185

POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG185

Dissection Overview185

Dissection Instructions186

Dissection Follow-up189

LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG190

Dissection Overview190

Dissection Instructions190

Dissection Follow-up190

ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG AND DORSUM OF THE FOOT190

Dissection Overview190

Dissection Instructions191

Dissection Follow-up193

SOLE OF THE FOOT193

Dissection Overview193

Dissection Instructions194

Plantar Aponeurosis and Cutaneous Nerves194

First Layer of the Sole195

Second Layer of the Sole195

Third Layer of the Sole196

Fourth Layer of the Sole197

Dissection Follow-up198

JOINTS OF THE LOWER LIMB198

Dissection Overview198

Dissection Instructions198

Hip Joint198

Knee Joint200

Ankle Joint202

Joints of Inversion and Eversion203

7: THE HEAD AND NECK205

NECK205

Skeleton of the Neck205

ORGANIZATION OF THE NECK206

Dissection Overview206

Dissection Instructions206

Skin Removal206

Posterior Triangle of the Neck207

Dissection Follow-up209

ANTERIOR TRIANGLE OF THE NECK209

Dissection Overview209

Bones and Cartilages209

Dissection Instructions210

Superficial Fascia210

Muscular Triangle210

Submandibular Triangle211

Submental Triangle212

Carotid Triangle212

Dissection Follow-up214

THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS215

Dissection Overview215

Dissection Instructions215

Dissection Follow-up216

ROOT OF THE NECK216

Dissection Overview216

Dissection Instructions216

Dissection Follow-up218

HEAD218

Skull219

Anterior View of the Skull219

Lateral View of the Skull219

Superior View of the Skull220

FACE221

Surface Anatomy221

Dissection Overview221

Dissection Instructions222

Skin Incisions222

Superficial Fascia and Facial Nerve222

Facial Artery and Vein224

Muscles Around the Orbital Opening224

Muscles Around the Oral Opening224

Sensory Nerves of the Face225

Dissection Follow-up226

PAROTID REGION226

Dissection Overview226

Skeleton of the Parotid Region226

Dissection Instructions226

Dissection Follow-up228

SCALP228

Dissection Overview228

Dissection Instructions228

Dissection Follow-up229

TEMPORAL REGION230

Dissection Overview230

Skeleton of the Temporal Region230

Dissection Instructions231

Masseter Muscle and Removal of the Zygomatic Arch231

Temporal Region232

Infratemporal Fossa232

Temporomandibular Joint234

Dissection Follow-up235

INTERIOR OF THE SKULL235

Dissection Overview235

Dissection Instructions235

Removal of the Calvaria235

Cranial Meninges236

Dissection Follow-up238

REMOVAL OF THE BRAIN238

Dissection Overview238

Dissection Instructions238

DURAL INFOLDINGS AND DURAL VENOUS SINUSES239

Dissection Overview239

Dissection Instructions239

Durallnfoldings239

Dural Venous Sinuses239

Dissection Follow-up240

GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN240

Dissection Overview240

Dissection Instructions240

Dissection Follow-up242

CRANIAL FOSSAE242

Dissection Overview242

Skeleton of the Cranial Base242

Dissection Instructions243

Anterior Cranial Fossa243

Middle Cranial Fossa243

Posterior Cranial Fossa245

Dissection Follow-up245

ORBIT245

Dissection Overview245

Skeleton of the Orbit246

Surface Anatomy of the Eyeball, Eyelids, and Lacrimal Apparatus246

Dissection Instructions247

Eyelid and Lacrimal Apparatus247

Right Orbit from the Superior Approach248

Left Orbit from the Anterior Approach251

Dissection Follow-up252

DISARTICULATION OF THE HEAD252

Dissection Overview252

Skeleton of the Suboccipital Region252

Dissection Instructions253

Retropharyngeal Space253

Disarticulation of the Head253

Prevertebral and Lateral Vertebral Regions254

Dissection Follow-up254

PHARYNX255

Dissection Overview255

Dissection Instructions255

Muscles of the Pharyngeal Wall255

Bisection of the Head257

Internal Aspect of the Pharynx258

Dissection Follow-up259

NOSE AND NASAL CAVITY259

Dissection Overview259

Skeleton of the Nasal Cavity259

Dissection Instructions260

External Nose260

Nasal Cavity260

Nasal Septum260

Lateral Wall of the Nasal Cavity261

Dissection Follow-up263

HARD PALATE AND SOFT PALATE263

Dissection Overview263

Skeleton of the Palate263

Dissection Instructions264

Soft Palate264

Tonsillar Bed266

Sphenopalatine Foramen and Pterygopalatine Fossa266

Dissection Follow-up267

ORAL REGION268

Dissection Overview268

Surface Anatomy of the Oral Vestibule268

Surface Anatomy of the Oral Cavity Proper268

Dissection Instructions268

Tongue268

Bisection of the Tongue and Mandible269

Sublingual Region270

Dissection Follow-up271

LARYNX271

Dissection Overview271

Skeleton of the Larynx271

Dissection Instructions272

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx272

Interior of the Larynx274

Dissection Follow-up274

EAR274

Dissection Overview274

Temporal Bone275

Dissection Instructions275

External Ear275

Middle Ear （Tympanic Cavity）275

Internal Ear278

Dissection Follow-up278

INDEX279