TRADE，HEALTH，AND THE BURDEN OF PROOF IN WTO LAWPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Chapter 1Introduction1

Chapter 2The Burden of Proof Concept9

2.1 Introduction9

2.2 The Law and the Facts10

2.2.1 Legal Consequences Attached to Facts10

2.2.2 Abstract and Concrete Legal Facts11

2.2.3 Evidentiary Facts13

2.2.4 Questions of Law and Questions of Fact13

2.2.5 Who Should Provide Answers to Questions of Law？15

2.2.5.1 The Principle Jura Novit Curia15

2.2.5.2 The Prohibition of Non Liquet16

2.2.6 Who Should Provide Answers to Questions of Fact？17

2.3 The Establishment of the Factum Probandum18

2.3.1 A Probabilistic Approach18

2.3.2 The Persuasive Burden19

2.3.3 The Standard of Proof21

2.3.4 Arguments for Allocating the Persuasive Burden to a Certain Party and for Applying a Certain Standard of Proof23

2.3.4.1 Reducing the Risk of Erroneous Outcomes23

2.3.4.2 Type I and Type Ⅱ Errors24

2.3.4.3 Four Categories of Arguments26

2.3.5 Evidence and the Burden to Prove Evidentiary Facts29

2.3.6 The Evaluation of Evidence and the Tactical Burden30

2.3.7 The Original Probability31

2.3.8 Presumptions33

2.3.9 Prima Facie Evidence36

2.3.10 The Standard of Review39

2.4 The Principle Actori Incumbit Probatio41

2.4.1 General Burden of Proof Principles41

2.4.2 How to Apply the Principle Actori Incumbit Probatio42

2.4.3 General Rules and Exceptions45

2.4.4 Arguments for Allocating the Burden to the Claimant under General Rules48

2.4.5 Arguments for Allocating the Burden to the Defendant under Exceptions51

2.4.6 Arguments for Allocating the Burden to the Claimant under Exceptions and to the Defendant under General Rules52

2.5 The Health Risk as a Factum Probandum53

2.5.1 Two Layers of Uncertainty53

2.5.2 The Definition of Risk54

2.5.3 Risk and Uncertainty55

2.5.4 Analysing Uncertainty56

2.5.5 Risk Assessment and Risk Management57

2.5.6 Uncertainty Related to the Health Risk and Uncertainty Related to the Standard of Proof58

2.6 Summary and Conclusions58

Chapter 3 The Burden of Proof in WTO Law63

3.1 Introduction63

3.2 The Proceedings64

3.2.1 Initiating a Proceeding64

3.2.2 Consultations66

3.2.3 Panel Proceedings67

3.2.4 Appellate Body Proceedings71

3.2.5 Recommendations and Implementation73

3.3 The Law and the Facts76

3.3.1 Questions of Law76

3.3.2 Questions of Fact78

3.4 The Persuasive Burden80

3.4.1 The Principle Actori Incumbit Probatio80

3.4.2 General Rules and Exceptions82

3.4.2.1 The Approach in Case Law82

3.4.2.2 Exceptions in the First Sense83

3.4.2.3 Exceptions in the Second Sense84

3.5 The Standard of Proof86

3.6 Establishing a Prima Facie Case87

3.7 Summary and Conclusions90

Chapter 4 Health Protection Measures under the GATT 199493

4.1 Introduction93

4.2 Relevant Provisions and Order of Analysis94

4.3 Article XX（b）95

4.3.1 The Provision95

4.3.2 Is the Measure’s Objective to Protect Human Life or Health？96

4.3.2.1 Where to Look for the Measure’s Objective？96

4.3.2.2 Measures with Several Objectives97

4.3.2.3 What Health Risks？97

4.3.2.4 Does the Health Risk Exist？98

4.3.2.5 The Life and Health of What Humans？101

4.3.3 Is the Measure Necessary to Protect Human Life or Health？105

4.3.3.1 The Necessity of What？105

4.3.3.2 The Different Steps of the Necessity Analysis106

4.3.3.3 The Measure’s Contribution to the Achievement of the Objective113

4.3.3.4 The Importance of the Measure’s Objective115

4.3.3.5 The Trade Restrictiveness of the Measure118

4.3.3.6 Weighing and Balancing the Factors121

4.3.3.7 The Comparison with Alternative Measures122

4.4 The Chapeau of Article XX128

4.4.1 The Provision128

4.4.2 The Purpose of the Chapeau129

4.4.3 The Measure Itself and the Application of the Measure130

4.4.4 Has the Application of the Measure Resulted in Arbitrary or Unjustifiable Discrimination？131

4.4.4.1 Three Elements131

4.4.4.2 Between Countries Where the Same Conditions Prevail132

4.4.4.3 Discrimination133

4.4.4.4 Arbitrary or Unjustifiable135

4.4.5 Has the Application of the Measure Resulted in a Disguised Restriction？143

4.5 Summary of the Legal Facts Relating to the Health Risk145

4.6 The Burden of Proof147

4.6.1 Case Law147

4.6.2 Effects and Arguments152

4.7 Summary and Conclusions156

Chapter 5 Health Protection Measures under the SPS Agreement159

5.1 Introduction159

5.2 Relevant Provisions and Order of Analysis160

5.3 Scientific Justification165

5.3.1 Articles 5.1 and 5.2165

5.3.1.1 The Provisions165

5.3.1.2 Two Types of Risk Assessment166

5.3.1.3 The Elements of the First Type of Risk Assessment167

5.3.1.4 The Elements of the Second Type of Risk Assessment172

5.3.1.5 The Risk Assessor175

5.3.1.6 Risk Assessment and Risk Management176

5.3.1.7 The Existence of a Risk180

5.3.1.8 Specificity182

5.3.1.9 The Scientific Basis184

5.3.1.10 Appropriate to the Circumstances187

5.3.1.11 Risk Assessment Techniques Developed by the Relevant International Organizations190

5.3.1.12 Is the Measure Based on the Risk Assessment？192

5.3.2 Article 2.2196

5.3.2.1 The Provision196

5.3.2.2 Is the Measure Necessary to Protect Human Life or Health？197

5.3.2.3 Is the Measure Based on Scientific Principles and Not Maintained without Sufficient Scientific Evidence？197

5.3.2.4 The Relationship between Articles 2.2 and 5.1202

5.3.3 Article 5.7205

5.3.3.1 The Provision205

5.3.3.2 The Relationship between Article 5.7 and Articles2.2 and 5.1207

5.3.3.3 The Relationship between Article 5.7 and Articles2.3，5.5， and 5.6208

5.3.3.4 Is There a Situation Where Relevant Scientific Evidence Is Insufficient？209

5.3.3.5 Has the Measure Been Adopted on the Basis of Available Pertinent Information？214

5.3.3.6 Has the Member Sought to Obtain the Additional Information Necessary for a More Objective Assessment of Risk？216

5.3.3.7 Has the Member Reviewed the Measure within a Reasonable Period of Time？218

5.3.4 Summary of the Legal Facts Relating to the Health Risk220

5.3.5 The Burden of Proof222

5.4 Consistency and Non-discrimination226

5.4.1 Article 5.5226

5.4.1.1 The Provision226

5.4.1.2 Has the Member Adopted Levels of Protection in Several Different Situations？227

5.4.1.3 Do the Levels of Protection Exhibit an Arbitrary or Unjustifiable Distinction？233

5.4.1.4 Has the Distinction Resulted in Discrimination or a Disguised Restriction？237

5.4.2 Article 2.3241

5.4.2.1 The Provision241

5.4.2.2 Does the Measure Arbitrarily or Unjustifiably Discriminate？242

5.4.2.3 Has the Measure Been Applied in a Manner， Which Constitutes a Disguised Restriction？244

5.4.3 Summary of the Legal Facts Relating to the Health Risk245

5.4.4 The Burden of Proof246

5.5 Trade Restrictiveness248

5.5.1 Article 5.6248

5.5.1.1 The Provision248

5.5.1.2 Does a Reasonably Available Alternative Measure Exist？249

5.5.1.3 Does the Alternative Measure Achieve the Level of Protection？250

5.5.1.4 Is the Alternative Measure Significantly Less Trade Restrictive？254

5.5.2 Summary of the Legal Facts Relating to the Health Risk255

5.5.3 The Burden of Proof256

5.6 Harmonization257

5.6.1 Article 3.1257

5.6.1.1 The Provision257

5.6.1.2 Does a Relevant Standard Exist？257

5.6.1.3 Is the Measure Based on the Standard？258

5.6.2 Article 3.2262

5.6.2.1 The Provision262

5.6.2.2 Does the Measure Conform to the Standard？262

5.6.2.3 The Presumption of Consistency263

5.6.3 Article 3.3264

5.6.3.1 The Provision264

5.6.3.2 Measures Deviating from Standards265

5.6.3.3 Scientific Justification of Deviating Measures266

5.6.4 Summary of the Legal Facts Relating to the Health Risk267

5.6.5 The Burden of Proof268

5.7 The Burden of Proof271

5.7.1 Case Law271

5.7.2 Effects and Arguments273

5.8 Summary and Conclusions277

Chapter 6 Summary and Conclusions281

Bibliography291

Table of Cases303

Index319