通信网基本概念与主体结构PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 Communication Networks and Services1

1.1 Evolution of Network Architecture and Services2

1.1.1 Telegraph Networks and Message Switching2

1.1.2 Telephone Networks and Circuit Switching5

1.1.3 The Internet,Computer Networks,and Packet Switching9

1.2 Future Network Architectures and Their Services22

1.3 Key Factors in Communication Network Evolution24

1.3.1 Role of Technology25

1.3.2 Role of Regulation27

1.3.3 Role of the Market28

1.3.4 Role of Standards28

Checklist of Important Terms29

Further Reading30

Problems31

2 Applications and Layered Architectures34

2.1 Examples of Protocols,Services,and Layering36

2.1.1 HTTP,DNS,and SMTP36

2.1.2 TCP and UDP Transport Layer Services42

2.2 The OSI Reference Model43

2.2.1 The Seven-Layer OSI Reference Model44

2.2.2 Unified View of Layers,Protocols,and Services48

2.3 Overview of TCP/IP Architecture52

2.3.1 TCP/IP Architecture52

2.3.2 TCP/IP Protocol:How the Layers Work Together55

2.3.3 Protocol Overview61

2.4 The Berkeley API62

2.4.1 Socket System Calls64

2.4.2 Network Utility Functions68

2.5 Application Layer Protocols and TCP/IP Utilities77

2.5.1 Telnet78

2.5.2 File Transfer Protocol78

2.5.3 Hypertext Transfer Protocol and the World Wide Wed82

2.5.4 IP Utilities86

2.5.5 Tcpdump and Network Protocol Analyzers89

Summary90

Checklist of Important Terms91

Further Reading91

Problems92

3 Digital Transmission Fundamentals99

3.1 Digital Representation of Information100

3.1.1 Block-Oriented Information101

3.1.2 Stream Information103

3.2 Why Digital Communications?107

3.2.1 Comparison of Analog and Digital Transmission107

3.2.2 Basic Properties of Digital Transmission Systems110

3.3 Digital Representation of Analog Signals114

3.3.1 Bandwidth of Analog Signals115

3.3.2 Sampling of an Analog Signal118

3.3.3 Digital Transmission of Analog Signals119

3.3.4 SNR Performance of Quantizers123

3.4 Characterization of Communication Channels124

3.4.1 Frequency Domain Characterization124

3.4.2 Time Domain Characterization128

3.5 Fundamental Limits in Digital Transmission130

3.5.1 The Nyquist Signaling Rate130

3.5.2 The Shannon Channel Capacity132

3.6 Line Coding135

3.7 Modems and Digital Modulation138

3.7.1 Binary Phase Modulation140

3.7.2 QAM and Signal Constellations141

3.7.3 Telephone Modem Standards144

3.8 Properties of Media and Digital Transmission Systems146

3.8.1 Twisted Pair148

3.8.2 Coaxial Cable152

3.8.3 Optical Fiber156

3.8.4 Radio Transmission162

3.8.5 Infrared Light166

3.9 Error Detection and Correction166

3.9.1 Error Detection167

3.9.2 Two-Dimensional Parity Checks171

3.9.3 Internet Checksum172

3.9.4 Polynomial Codes173

3.9.5 Standardized Polynomial Codes177

3.9.6 Error-Detecting Capability of a Polynomial Code178

3.9.7 Linear Codes180

3.9.8 Error Correction186

Summary190

Checklist of Important Terms191

Further Reading192

Problems192

Appendix 3A:Asynchronous Data Transmission201

Appendix 3B:Fourier Series203

Appendix 3C:Sampling Theorem204

4 Circuit-Switching Networks206

4.1 Multiplexing207

4.1.1 Frequency-Division Multiplexing208

4.1.2 Time-Division Multiplexing209

4.1.3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing212

4.2 SONET213

4.2.1 SONET Multiplexing214

4.2.2 SONET Frame Structure216

4.3 Transport Networks221

4.3.1 SONET Networks222

4.3.2 Optical Transport Networks231

4.4 Circuit Switches234

4.4.1 Space-Division Switches235

4.4.2 Time-Division Switches238

4.5 The Telephone Network242

4.5.1 Transmission Facilities245

4.5.2 End-to-End Digital Services248

4.6 Signaling250

4.6.1 Signaling in the Telephone Network250

4.6.2 Signaling System #7 Architecture253

4.7 Traffic and Overload Control in Telephone Networks255

4.7.1 Concentration256

4.7.2 Routing Control259

4.7.3 Overload Controls261

4.8 Cellular Telephone Networks263

Summary270

Checklist of Important Terms270

Further Reading271

Problems272

5 Peer-to-Peer Protocols and Data Link Layer282

Part Ⅰ:Peer-to-Peer Protocols283

5.1 Peer-to-Peer Protocols and Service Models284

5.1.1 Service Models284

5.1.2 Examples of Services286

5.1.3 End to End versus Hop by Hop288

5.2 ARQ Protocols and Reliable Data Transfer Service291

5.2.1 Stop-and-Wait ARQ293

5.2.2 Go-Back-N ARQ300

5.2.3 Selective Repeat ARQ309

5.3 Other Peer-to-Peer Protocols315

5.3.1 Sliding-Window Flow Control315

5.3.2 Timing Recovery for Synchronous Services317

5.3.3 TCP Reliable Stream Service and Flow Control320

Part Ⅱ:Data Link Controls324

5.4 Framing325

5.5 Point-to-Point Protocol329

5.6 HDLC Data Link Control333

5.6.1 Data Link Services333

5.6.2 HDLC Configurations and Transfer Modes335

5.6.3 HDLC Frame Format335

5.6.4 Typical Frame Exchanges337

5.7 Link Sharing Using Packet Multiplexers340

5.7.1 Statistical Multiplexing340

5.7.2 Speech Interpolation and the Multiplexing of Packetized Speech348

Summary352

Checklist of Important Terms353

Further Reading354

Problems354

Appendix 5A:Derivation of Efficiency of ARQ Protocols365

6 Medium Access Control Protocols and Local Area Networks368

Part Ⅰ:Medium Access Control Protocols370

6.1 Multiple Access Communications370

6.2 Random Access377

6.2.1 ALOHA378

6.2.2 Slotted ALOHA380

6.2.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access381

6.2.4 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection384

6.3 Scheduling Approaches to Medium Access Control387

6.3.1 Reservation Systems388

6.3.2 Polling390

6.3.3 Token-Passing Rings393

6.3.4 Comparison of Scheduling Approaches in Medium Access Control396

6.3.5 Comparison of Random Access and Scheduling Medium Access Controls397

6.4 Channelization398

6.4.1 FDMA399

6.4.2 TDMA400

6.4.3 CDMA401

6.4.4 Channelization in Telephone Cellular Networks408

6.5 Delay Performance of MAC and Channelization Schemes415

6.5.1 Performance of Channelization Techniques with Bursty Traffic416

6.5.2 Performance of Polling and Token Ring Systems418

6.5.3 Random Access and CSMA-CD421

Part Ⅱ:Local Area Networks421

6.6 LAN Protocols421

6.6.1 LAN Structure422

6.6.2 The Medium Access Control Sublayer423

6.6.3 The Logical Link Control Sublayer425

6.7 Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 LAN Standard427

6.7.1 Ethernet Protocol427

6.7.2 Frame Structure429

6.7.3 Physical Layers431

6.7.4 Fast Ethernet434

6.7.5 Gigabit Ethernet435

6.7.6 10 Gigabit Ethernet436

6.8 Token-Ring and IEEE 802.5 LAN Standard438

6.8.1 Token-Ring Protocol439

6.8.2 Frame Structure442

6.9 FDDI444

6.10 Wireless LANs and IEEE 802.11 Standard446

6.10.1 Ad hoc and Infrastructure Networks449

6.10.2 Frame Structure and Addressing451

6.10.3 Medium Access Control453

6.10.4 Physical Layers459

6.11 LAN Bridges and Ethernet Switches465

6.11.1 Transparent Bridges468

6.11.2 Source Routing Bridges474

6.11.3 Mixed-Media Bridges477

6.11.4 Virtual LANs477

Summary479

Checklist of Important Terms480

Further Reading481

Problems482

7 Packet-Switching Networks490

7.1 Network Services and Internal Network Operation492

7.2 Packet Network Topology496

7.3 Datagrams and Virtual Circuits501

7.3.1 Connectionless Packet Switching502

7.3.2 Virtual-Circuit Packet Switching507

7.3.3 Structure of a Packet Switch511

7.4 Routing in Packet Networks515

7.4.1 Routing Algorithm Classification516

7.4.2 Routing Tables517

7.4.3 Hierarchical Routing518

7.4.4 Specialized Routing520

7.5 Shortest-Path Routing522

7.5.1 The Bellman-Ford Algorithm523

7.5.2 Dijkstra's Algorithm530

7.5.3 Source Routing versus Hop-by-Hop Routing532

7.5.4 Link-State Routing versus Distance-Vector Routing533

7.6 ATM Networks534

7.7 Traffic Management at the Packet Level539

7.7.1 FIFO and Priority Queues540

7.7.2 Fair Queueing542

7.7.3 Weighted Fair Queueing545

7.7.4 Random Early Detection548

7.8 Traffic Management at the Flow Level549

7.8.1 Open-Loop Control550

7.8.2 Closed-Loop Control558

7.9 Traffic Management at the Flow-Aggregate Level560

Summary561

Checklist of Important Terms562

Further Reading562

Problems563

8 TCP/IP572

8.1 The TCP/IP Architecture573

8.2 The Internet Protocol576

8.2.1 IP Packet576

8.2.2 IP Addressing579

8.2.3 Subnet Addressing581

8.2.4 IP Routing583

8.2.5 Classless Interdomain Routing(CIDR)584

8.2.6 Address Resolution585

8.2.7 Reverse Address Resolution587

8.2.8 Fragmentation and Reassembly587

8.2.9 ICMP:Error and Control Messages589

8.3 IPv6592

8.3.1 Header Format593

8.3.2 Network Addressing594

8.3.3 Extension Headers597

8.3.4 Migration lssues from IPv4 to IPv6599

8.4 User Datagram Protocol601

8.5 Transmission Control Protocol602

8.5.1 TCP Operation and Reliable Stream Service602

8.5.2 TCP Protocol605

8.5.3 TCP Congestion Control617

8.6 Internet Routing Protocols620

8.6.1 Routing Information Protocol621

8.6.2 Open Shortest Path First622

8.6.3 Border Gateway Protocol631

8.7 Multicast Routing640

8.7.1 Reverse-Path Broadcasting641

8.7.2 Internet Group Management Protocol643

8.7.3 Reverse-Path Multicasting644

8.7.4 Distance-Vector Multicast Routing Protocol646

8.8 DHCP,NAT,and Mobile IP646

8.8.1 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol646

8.8.2 Network Address Translation647

8.8.3 Mobile IP647

Summary650

Checklist of Important Terms650

Further Reading651

Problems652

9 ATM Networks660

9.1 Why ATM?661

9.2 BISDN Reference Model662

9.3 ATM Layer665

9.3.1 ATM Cell Header666

9.3.2 Virtual Connections668

9.3.3 QoS Parameters668

9.3.4 Traffic Descriptors670

9.3.5 ATM Service Categories671

9.3.6 Traffic Contracts,Connection Admission Control,and Traffic Management673

9.4 ATM Adaptation Layer674

9.4.1 AAL1675

9.4.2 AAL2678

9.4.3 AAL3/4680

9.4.4 AAL5683

9.4.5 Signaling AAL684

9.4.6 Applications,AALs,and ATM Service Categories686

9.5 ATM Signaling688

9.5.1 ATM Addressing688

9.5.2 UNI Signaling690

9.5.3 PNNI Signaling693

9.6 PNNI Routing694

9.7 Classical IP Over ATM697

Summary699

Checklist of Important Terms699

Further Reading699

Problems700

10 Advanced Network Architectures705

10.1 Integrated Services in the Internet706

10.1.1 Guaranteed Service707

10.1.2 Controlled-Load Service708

10.2 RSVP708

10.2.1 Receiver-Initiated Reservation710

10.2.2 Reservation Merging711

10.2.3 Reservation Styles712

10.2.4 Soft State714

10.2.5 RSVP Message Format715

10.3 Differentiated Services717

10.3.1 DS Field718

10.3.2 Per-Hop Behaviors719

10.3.3 Traffic Conditioner720

10.3.4 Bandwidth Broker721

10.4 Network Interconnection Models722

10.4.1 Overlay Model723

10.4.2 Peer-to-Peer Model725

10.5 MPLS727

10.5.1 Fundamentals of Labels729

10.5.2 Label Stack and LSP Hierarchy730

10.5.3 VC Merging732

10.5.4 Label Distribution Protocols732

10.5.5 MPLS Support for Virtual Networks735

10.5.6 Survivability736

10.5.7 GMPLS738

10.6 Real-Time Transport Protocol740

10.6.1 RTP Scenarios and Terminology741

10.6.2 RTP Packet Format743

10.6.3 RTP Control Protocol(RTCP)745

10.7 Session Control Protocols747

10.7.1 Session Initiation Protocol747

10.7.2 H.323 Multimedia Communication Systems751

10.7.3 Media Gateway Control Protocols753

Summary755

Checklist of Important Terms756

Further Reading756

Problems757

11 Security Protocols763

11.1 Security and Cryptographic Algorithms763

11.1.1 Applications of Cryptography to Security765

11.1.2 Key Distribution770

11.2 Security Protocols773

11.2.1 Application Scenarios773

11.2.2 Types of Security Service775

11.2.3 Setting Up a Security Association778

11.2.4 IPSec780

11.2.5 Secure Sockets Layer and Transport Layer Security782

11.2.6 802.11 and Wired Equivalent Privacy788

11.3 Cryptographic Algorithms790

11.3.1 DES790

11.3.2 RSA793

Summary794

Checklist of Important Terms795

Further Reading796

Problems797

12 Multimedia Information800

12.1 Lossless Data Compression801

12.1.1 Huffman Codes801

12.1.2 Run-Length Codes805

12.1.3 Adaptive Data Compression Codes810

12.2 Compression of Analog Signals812

12.2.1 Adaptive Quantizers812

12.2.2 Predictive Coding813

12.2.3 Transform and Subband Coding818

12.3 Image and Video Coding819

12.3.1 Discrete Cosine Transform Coding819

12.3.2 The JPEG Image-Coding Standard820

12.3.3 Compression of Video Signals823

12.3.4 The MPEG Video-Coding Standards826

12.3.5 MPEG Multiplexing828

Summary830

Checklist of Important Terms830

Further Reading830

Problems831

Epilogue837

Appendices840

A Delay and Loss Performance840

A.1 Delay Analysis and Little's Formula840

A.1.1 Arrival Rates and Traffic Load Definitions841

A.1.2 Little's Formula842

A.2 Basic Queueing Models845

A.2.1 Arrival Processes846

A.2.2 Service Times846

A.2.3 Queueing System Classification847

A.3 M/M/1:A Basic Multiplexer Model849

A.3.1 M/M/1 Steady State Probabilities and the Notion of Stability850

A.3.2 Effect of Scale on Performance853

A.3.3 Average Packet Delay in a Network854

A.4 The M/G/1 Model854

A.4.1 Service Time Variability and Delay855

A.4.2 Priority Queueing Systems856

A.4.3 Vacation Models and Multiplexer Performance857

A.5 Erlang B Formula:M/M/c/c System857

Further Reading859

B Network Management860

B.1 Network Management Overview861

B.2 Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP)863

B.3 Structure of Management Information865

B.4 Management Information Base867

B.5 Remote Network Monitoring868

Further Reading869

Index871