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Part Ⅰ．The R Language3

1．Introduction3

Chapter Goals3

What Is R?3

Installing R4

Choosing an IDE5

Emacs+ESS5

Eclipse/Architect6

RStudio6

Revolution-R7

Live-R7

Other IDEs and Editors7

Your First Program8

How to Get Help in R8

Installing Extra Related Software11

Summary11

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz12

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises12

2．A Scientific Calculator13

Chapter Goals13

Mathematical Operations and Vectors13

Assigning Variables17

Special Numbers19

Logical Vectors20

Summary22

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz22

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises23

3．Inspecting Variables and Your Workspace25

Chapter Goals25

Classes25

Different Types of Numbers26

Other Common Classes27

Checking and Changing Classes30

Examining Variables33

The Work space36

Summary37

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz37

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises37

4．Vectors,Matrices,and Arrays39

Chapter Goals39

Vectors39

Sequences41

Lengths42

Names42

Indexing Vectors43

Vector Recycling and Repetition45

Matrices and Arrays46

Creating Arrays and Matrices46

Rows,Columns,and Dimensions48

Row,Column,and Dimension Names50

Indexing Arrays51

Combining Matrices51

Array Arithmetic52

Summary54

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz55

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises55

5．Lists and Data Frames57

Chapter Goals57

Lists57

Creating Lists57

Atomic and Recursive Variables60

List Dimensions and Arithmetic60

Indexing Lists61

Converting Between Vectors and Lists64

Combining Lists65

NULL66

Pairlists70

Data Frames70

Creating Data Frames71

Indexing Data Frames74

Basic Data Frame Manipulation75

Summary77

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz77

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises78

6．Environments and Functions79

Chapter Goals79

Environments79

Functions82

Creating and Calling Functions82

Passing Functions to and from Other Functions86

Variable Scope89

Summary91

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz91

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises91

7．Strings and Factors93

Chapter Goals93

Strings93

Constructing and Printing Strings94

Formatting Numbers95

Special Characters97

Changing Case98

Extracting Substrings98

Splitting Strings99

File Paths100

Factors101

Creating Factors101

Changing Factor Levels103

Dropping Factor Levels103

Ordered Factors104

Converting Continuous Variables to Categorical105

Converting Categorical Variables to Continuous106

Generating Factor Levels107

Combining Factors107

Summary108

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz108

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises108

8．Flow Control and Loops111

Chapter Goals111

Flow Control111

if and else112

Vectorized if114

Multiple Selection115

Loops116

repeat Loops116

while Loops118

for Loops120

Summary122

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz122

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises122

9．Advanced Looping125

Chapter Goals125

Replication125

Looping Over Lists127

Looping Over Arrays132

Multiple-Input Apply135

Instant Vectorization136

Split-Apply-Combine136

The plyr Package138

Summary141

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz141

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises141

10．Packages143

Chapter Goals143

Loading Packages144

The Search Path146

Libraries and InstaLled Packages146

Installing Packages148

Maintaining Packages150

Summary150

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz151

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises151

11．Dates and Times153

Chapter Goals153

Date and Time Classes154

POSIX Dates and Times154

The Date Class155

Other Date Classes156

Conversion to and from Strings156

Parsing Dates156

Formatting Dates157

Time Zones158

Arithmetic with Dates and Times160

Lubridate161

Summary165

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz165

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises166

Part Ⅱ．The Data Analysis Workflow169

12．Getting Data169

Chapter Goals169

Built-in Datasets169

Reading Text Files170

CSV and Tab-Delimited Files170

Unstructured Text Files175

XML and HTML Files175

JSON and YAML Files176

Reading Binary Files179

Reading Excel Files179

Reading SAS,Stata,SPSS,and MATLAB Files181

Reading Other File Types181

Web Data182

Sites with an API182

Scraping Web Pages184

Accessing Databases185

Summary188

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz189

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises189

13．Cleaning and Transforming191

Chapter Goals191

Cleaning Strings191

Manipulating Data Frames196

Adding and Replacing Columns196

Dealing with Missing Values197

Converting Between Wide and Long Form198

Using SQL200

Sorting201

Functional Programming202

Summary204

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz205

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises205

14．Exploring and Visualizing&v207

Chapter Goals207

Summary Statistics207

The Three Plotting Systems211

Scatterplots212

Take 1:base Graphics213

Take 2:lattice Graphics218

Take 3:ggplot2 Graphics224

Line Plots230

Histograms238

Box Plots249

Bar Charts253

Other Plotting Packages and Systems260

Summary261

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz261

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises262

15．Distributions and Modeling263

Chapter Goals263

Random Numbers264

The sample Function264

Sampling from Distributions265

Distributions266

Formulae267

A First Model:Linear Regressions268

Comparing and Updating Models271

Plotting and Inspecting Models276

Other Model Types280

Summary282

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz282

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises282

16．Programming285

Chapter Goals285

Messages,Warnings,and Errors286

Error Handling289

Debugging292

Testing294

RUnit295

testthat298

Magic299

Turning Strings into Code299

Turning Code into Strings301

Object-Oriented Programming302

S3 Classes303

Reference Classes305

Summary310

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz310

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises311

17．Making Packages313

Chapter Goals313

Why Create Packages?313

Prerequisites313

The Package Directory Structure314

Your First Package315

Documenting Packages317

Checking and Building Packages320

Maintaining Packages321

Summary323

Test Your Knowledge:Quiz323

Test Your Knowledge:Exercises324

Part Ⅲ．Appendixes327

A．Properties of Variables327

B．Other Things to Do in R331

C．Answers to Quizzes333

D．Solutions to Exercises341

Bibliography365

Index367