口语教学与研究PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Introduction1

Section Ⅰ Issues in teaching and researching speaking3

1 Conceptual and historical background5

1.1 Introduction5

1.2 The skill of speaking6

1.3 The nature of speech in contrast to writing9

1.4 Where does speech fit in language studies?15

1.5 Summary25

2 The research space:paradigms and problems27

2.1 Introduction27

2.2 Classical research paradigms in relation to researching speaking27

2.3 Attitudes to speech data28

2.4 The applicability of research approaches and frameworks to the study of speech33

2.5 The problem of the status of speech in applied linguistics35

2.6 Where are the data for research into speech?36

2.7 Summary42

Section Ⅱ Issues for teaching and assessing speaking45

3 Approaches,materials and the problem of'real'speech47

3.1 Introduction47

3.2 Spoken interaction in context49

3.3 Teaching global speaking skills50

3.4 Teaching spoken grammar61

3.5 Perspectives on pronunciation and fluency67

3.6 Bringing the skills together71

3.7 Summary71

4 Issues in assessing speaking73

4.1 Introduction73

4.2 Language proficiency versus speaking proficiency76

4.3 The issue of interactivity78

4.4 The issue of creating authentic conditions for speech testing79

4.5 The issue of spoken genres and testing82

4.6 Integrated versus discrete skills testing83

4.7 A comparison of test paradigms for oral assessment84

4.8 The criteria for three tests of speaking compared86

4.9 Summary88

5 Approaches to researching speech90

5.1 Introduction90

5.2 Research into global features of speech90

5.3 Grammar,structural choices and the spoken language99

5.4 Research into fluency and pronunciation108

5.5 Summary117

6 Some new directions119

6.1 Introduction119

6.2 Mode-based research120

6.3 Theoretical orientations on the role and status of speech121

6.4 Evidence from speech pathology124

6.5 Modality,processing and memory125

6.6 Speaking,writing and teaching spoken/written forms of language126

6.7 Summary of central issues discussed in relation to new approaches to speech129

6.8 Summary130

Section Ⅲ Researching speaking131

7 Classrooms,research and spoken mode133

7.1 Introduction134

7.2 Implications of the nature of spoken discourse on teaching speech134

7.3 Moving towards your own project on spoken discourse136

7.4 Sources of inspiration for research138

8 Research project ideas and frameworks142

8.1 Introduction142

8.2 Projects on oral interaction:a discourse analysis approach and an experimental approach143

8.3 Projects on one particular spoken discourse feature:an action-research approach and a conversation analysis approach149

8.4 Projects on oral task difficulty:two approaches to quantifying complexity153

8.5 Projects on differences between mode:two experimental approaches158

Section Ⅳ Resources and further information165

9 Research borders and boundaries167

9.1 Introduction167

9.2 Speaking and ethnographic or cross-cultural studies168

9.3 Speaking and psycholinguistics169

9.4 Speaking and neuro-linguistic studies169

9.5 Speaking and corpus linguistics169

9.6 Speaking and new technologies170

10 Research resources171

10.1 Traditional library resources171

10.2 Databases and sound archives(both on-line and on CD-ROM)172

10.3 Speech corpora173

10.4 Societies and organisations173

10.5 Speech recognition and text-to-speech174

10.6 On-line pronunciation and intonation resources174

10.7 Research skills summaries174

10.8 Other on-line resources178

Glossary180

References185

Index194