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PART ONE.THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY CONTEXT1

CHAPTER Ⅰ.GLOBAL CONSTITUTIVE PROCESS:HOW INTERNATIONAL LAW IS MADE AND APPLIED1

Section 1.International Law as a Process of Authoritative Decision1

Section 2.The Making and Application of International Law7

Section 3.The Context of the World Social Process91

Section 4.The Global Process of Effective Power95

Section 5.The Major Features of the Global Constitutive Process of Authoritative Decision99

A.Expansion of the Authority of the United Nations vis-avis Non-Members107

B.Expansion of the Inclusive Legislative Power114

C.Expansion of the Executive Power138

D.Expansion of Judicial Competence142

Section 6.Major Features of Contemporary World Public Order144

Section 7.Perspectives for an International Law of Human Dignity148

PART TWO.TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES AS PARTICIPANTS IN WORLD PUBLIC ORDER154

Introduction.The Role of Territorial Communities in World Social Process154

CHAPTER Ⅱ.THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TERRITORIAL ENTITIES AS PARTICIPANTS IN AUTHORITATIVE DECISION159

Section 1.Establishment by Internal Elites159

A.Authoritative Doctrines Facilitating Freedom of Establishment160

B.Authoritative Doctrines Limiting Freedom of Establishment169

Section 2.Authoritative Establishment by External Elites188

A.Authoritative Doctrines Facilitating Establishment188

Section 3.Establishment of Associated States196

CHAPTER Ⅲ.THE ESTABLISHMENT AND REGULATION OF ACCESS TO ARENAS204

Section 1.The Establishment and Maintenance of Communications Between Bodies Politic204

A.The Initiation of Communications204

B.Appropriate Authorities for the Conduct of Negotiations205

C.The Classification of Diplomatic Agents and Their Functions206

D.The Sending and Receiving of Missions and Individuals209

E.The Absence of a Right to Legation211

F.The Right of Agreation211

G.The Power to Demand Recall213

Section 2.The Protection of the Communications Process (Diplomatic Immunity)213

A.Procedure for Establishing Immunities221

B.Facilities and Agents Accorded Immunities222

C.Communications237

D.Persons Accorded Immunity253

Section 3.The Special Problem of Diplomatic Asylum260

CHAPTER Ⅳ.THE DOCTRINES AND PRACTICES OF RECOGNITION301

Section 1.Recognition as Authoritative State Decision303

A.Decision as Fact303

B.Officials Authorized to Recognize305

C.Modes of Recognition306

D.General Community Policies Relating to Recognition307

Section 2.Trends in Past Practice Relating to Recognition315

A.The Limits Upon Premature Recognition315

B.Alleged Duty to Recognize316

C.International Duty to Withhold Recognition329

D.Alleged Duty to Withdraw Recognition374

Section 3.Consequences of Recognition Decisions377

A.Consequences in External Arenas377

B.Consequences within the Internal Arenas of States378

Section 4.Admission to Organized Arenas410

A.The United Nations410

B.The International Court of Justice426

C.Participation Controversies:Credentials and Representation429

PART THREE.THE BASES OF POWER OF STATES432

Introduction432

CHAPTER Ⅴ.CLAIMS TO COMPREHENSIVE AND CONTINUOUS CONTROL OF RESOURCES AS BASES OF POWER435

Section 1.Claims Relating to Whether Resources are Subject to Exclusive Appropriation435

Section 2.Resources Heretofore Not Subject to Exclusive Appropriation448

A.Oceans448

B.International Rivers458

C.Air Space over Oceans473

D.Innovative Ocean Uses474

E.Polar Areas480

F.Void in Space484

G.Fishery Resources of the Oceans491

Section 3.Resources Subject to Exclusive Appropriation499

A.Land Masses499

B.Superjacent Airspace503

C.Internal Waters511

D.Territorial Seas,Straits,and Rights of International Passage524

E.Continental Shelf542

F.Contiguous and Exclusive Economic Zones591

Section 4.Claims Relating to the Modalities of Establishing Exclusive Appropriation610

A.Claims to Establish Exclusive Appropriation on the Basis of Discovery and Symbolic Acts610

B.Claims to Establish Exclusive Appropriation on the Basis of Effective Occupation615

Section 5.Claims Relating to Modalities of Transferring Appropriated Resources658

A.By Agreement659

B.By Modalities Other Than Agreement665

Section 6.Claims Relating to Boundaries678

A.Land Boundaries678

B.River Boundaries686

C.Ocean Boundaries694

D.Air and Space Boundaries744

Section 7.Servitudes:Claims to Rights in the Territory of Another745

Section 8.Claims Relating to the Protection of the Comprehensive Environment761

A.General Environmental Concern761

B.Summary Trends763

C.Marine Environment774

D.Specific Military Prohibitions777

CHAPTER Ⅵ.CLAIMS TO COMPREHENSIVE AND CONTINUING CONTROL OF PEOPLE AS BASES OF POWER788

Introduction788

Section 1.Claims to Characterize People791

Section 2.Claims to Ascribe Nationality or Membership Status by Exclusively Chosen Criteria803

A.Ascription of Nationality to People803

B.Ascriptions of Nationality to Corporations and Other Entities831

Section 3.Claims to Protect People849

A.Claims Regarding the Requirement of a "National Link" as a Condition for Exercising Protection849

B.Claims Regarding Exhaustion of Local Remedies852

C.Claims Regarding Waiver of Protection:Calvo Clauses858

D.Claims Regarding the Modalities of Protection862

Section 4.Claims to Withdraw or Terminate Nationality Upon Exclusively Chosen Criteria879

Section 5.Claims Regarding Multiple Nationality900

Section 6.Claims Regarding Statelessness (Absence of Nationality)921

Section 7.Claims to Control Access to Territory925

Section 8.Claims to Exercise Control Over People Within State Territory:State Responsibility and Human Rights941

PART FOUR.THE STRATEGIES BY WHICH STATES SHAPE AND SHARE POWER AND OTHER VALUES964

CHAPTER Ⅶ.THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE MILITARY INSTRUMENT964

Section 1.Aggression and Self-Defense964

Section 2.Preparation for War998

Section 3.Prohibition of Certain Weapons1003

Section 4.Disarmament and Arms Control1018

Section 5.Covert Operations1022

Section 6.Overt Operations Short of War:Reprisals and Retorsion1033

Section 7.Conduct of War1033

Section 8.War Crimes1042

Section 9.Belligerent Occupation1056

Section 10.Non-State Violence1066

CHAPTER Ⅷ.THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE ECONOMIC INSTRUMENT1072

Section 1.Regulation of Deprivations:Inclusive Competence1072

Section 2.Regulation of Deprivations:Exclusive Competence1080

Section 3.Regulation of Economic Indulgence1094

CHAPTER Ⅸ.THE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE IDEOLOGICAL INSTRUMENT1101

CHAPTER Ⅹ.THE LEGAL REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT-MAKING1119

Introduction1119

Section 1.The Process of Commitment1121

A.Claims Concerning the Competency of Participants1121

B.The Permissible Purposes of Agreements:International Prescriptions Regulating Content1175

C.Claims that Strategies are Coercive Rather Than Persuasive1177

D.Outcomes:Consent to Be Bound1180

E.Interpretation:Determining the Content of Agreement1193

Section 2.The Process of Performance1218

A.Claims Relating to Changes in Participation1219

B.Claims Relating to Change in Permissibility of Objectives1222

C.Claims Relating to Outcomes in Performance or Breach1223

Section 3.The Process of Change (Amendment,Modification,Withdrawal,Suspension,Denunciation,and Termination)1236

A.National Prescriptions Relating to Competence to Terminate1237

B.International Prescriptions Relating to Competence to Terminate1255

PART FIVE.THE OUTCOMES ACHIEVED BY STATES IN COMPETENCE OVER PARTICULAR EVENTS:"JURISDICTION"1271

Introduction1271

CHAPTER Ⅺ.CLAIMS RELATING TO INITIAL COMPETENCES TO PRESCRIBE1295

Section 1.The Principle of Territoriality1295

Section 2.The Protective Principle (Including Impact Territoriality)1319

Section 3.The Principle of Nationality1370

Section 4.Jurisdiction Based on the Nationality of Corporations1381

Section 5.The Principle of Passive Personality1385

CHAPTER Ⅻ.CLAIMS RELATING TO INITIAL COMPETENCES TO APPLY LAW1393

Section 1.Consent of the Parties1393

Section 2.Domicile and Residence1408

Section 3.Location of Property1413

Section 4.Hot Pursuit1415

Section 5.Universality1419

Section 6.United States Constitutional Doctrines1434

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ.CLAIMS RELATING TO IMMUNITY FROM APPLICATION1447

Section 1.Sovereign Immunity1447

Section 2.Forum Non Conveniens and Lis Alibi Pendens1469

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ.CLAIMS RELATING TO SECONDARY ASSERTIONS OF COMPETENCE1479

Section 1.Secondary Competence to Prescribe1480

A.Choice of Law1480

B.Extradition1489

Section 2.Secondary Competence to Apply1512

A.Enforcement of Foreign Judgments1529

B.Enforcement of International Judgments and Awards1536

C.Rational Accommodation:Toward a Theory of Reasonableness in Relation to Common Interest1546

PART SIX.AGGREGATE CHANGES IN TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES1552

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ.THE PROBLEMS OF GOVERNMENTAL AND STATE SUCCESSION1552

Introduction1552

Index1571