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PART Ⅰ Principles of International Copyright1

CHAPTER 1 Introduction3

1.1 Common Rules and Principles4

1.2 The Rationales of Copyright6

1.3 The Politics of International Copyright8

1.4 The Internationalization of Copyright10

1.5 Outline of this Book11

CHAPTER 2 The Legal Traditions13

2.1 The Copyright Tradition15

2.2 The Traditions of Author's Right and Neighboring Rights19

2.2.1 Author's Right19

2.2.2 Neighboring Rights22

2.3 Copyright as a Human Right23

CHAPTER 3 The Norms of International Copyright27

3.1 Copyright Treaties29

3.1.1 Bilateral Copyright Treaties31

3.1.2 The Berne Convention33

3.1.2.1 History33

3.1.2.2 Structure and Substance38

3.1.2.3 Residual Powers and Relations Among Union Members42

3.1.3 The Universal Copyright Convention43

3.1.4 The WIPO Copyright Treaty45

3.1.5 Which Treaty Governs?47

3.1.5.1 Different Texts of the Berne Convention48

3.1.5.2 Texts of Different Treaties49

3.2 Neighboring Rights Treaties54

3.2.1 Rome Convention55

3.2.1.1 History55

3.2.1.2 Protection of Performers55

3.2.1.3 Protection of Producers of Phonograms56

3.2.1.4 Protection of Broadcasters57

3.2.1.5 Other Provisions57

3.2.2 Geneva Phonograms Convention58

3.2.3 WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty59

3.2.4 Brussels Satellite Convention61

3.3 Regional Arrangements64

3.3.1 The European Union64

3.3.2 Inter-American Copyright Agreements69

3.3.3 Other Regional Arrangements70

3.4 Trade Arrangements71

3.4.1 TRIPs Agreement73

3.4.1.1 History73

3.4.1.2 Dispute Settlement74

3.4.1.3 Conditions for Protection76

3.4.1.4 Subject Matter,Ownership,and Term76

3.4.1.5 Rights and Remedies78

3.4.2 Regional and Bilateral Trade Agreements80

3.4.2.1 Free Trade Agreements80

3.4.2.2 Other Trade Agreements86

3.5 Intergovernmental Organizations88

CHAPTER 4 Territoriality,National Treatment,Jurisdiction,and Conflict of Laws91

4.1 The Territoriality Principle95

4.1.1 Territoriality in International Law96

4.1.2 Territoriality in Copyright Law97

4.2 National Treatment99

4.2.1 The Trade Economics of National Treatment102

4.2.2 "Works" Subject to National Treatment104

4.2.2.1 Berne Convention104

4.2.2.2 TRIPs Agreement105

4.2.3 "Rights" Subject to National Treatment108

4.2.3.1 Berne Convention108

4.2.3.2 TRIPs Agreement111

4.2.4 Most-Favored-Nation Requirement112

4.2.4.1 "Works" Subject to Most-Favored-Nation Requirement112

4.2.4.2 Exemptions from Coverage113

4.3 Jurisdiction115

4.3.1 Subject Matter Jurisdiction116

4.3.1.1 Common Law Traditions;Copyright Infringement as a "Local" or 'Transitory" Action116

4.3.1.2 Civil Law Tradition;the Brussels Regime119

4.3.2 Forum Non Conveniens120

4.3.3 Hard Cases122

4.3.3.1 Where Acts of Infringement Occur in More than One Country122

4.3.3.2 Where Elements of Infringement Occur in More than One Country125

4.3.4 Contractual Choice of Forum128

4.4 Conflict of Laws129

4.4.1 Where No Contract Prescribes Applicable Law131

4.4.1.1 Authorship and Initial Ownership133

4.4.1.2 Subject Matter and Rights137

4.4.2 Law of the Contract as Applicable Law139

4.4.2.1 When Parties Have Designated Applicable Law142

4.4.2.2 When Parties Have Not Designated Applicable Law144

4.4.3 Where the Law of the Protecting Country and the Law of the Contract Conflict147

CHAPTER 5 Scope and Points of Attachment of International Protection153

5.1 Berne Convention154

5.1.1 Application of the Berne Convention155

5.1.1.1 Subject Matter Scope155

5.1.1.2 Temporal Scope156

5.1.2 Points of Attachment158

5.1.2.1 Nationality or Residence of Author158

5.1.2.2 Country of Publication160

5.2 Universal Copyright Convention163

5.3 Other Copyright Treaties164

5.4 TRIPs Agreement165

5.5 Neighboring Rights Treaties166

5.5.1 Rome Convention166

5.5.1.1 Performers167

5.5.1.2 Producers of Phonograms168

5.5.1.3 Broadcasting Organizations169

5.5.2 Geneva Phonograms Convention169

5.6 Points of Attachment under National Law170

5.6.1 United States170

5.6.1.1 Unpublished Works172

5.6.1.2 Published Works173

5.6.1.3 Retroactive Protection for Works Lacking a Point of Attachment177

5.6.1.4 Moral Rights and Neighboring Rights178

5.6.2 Other Countries180

PART Ⅱ Substantive Copyright Law183

CHAPTER 6 Subject Matter of Copyright and Neighboring Rights185

6.1 Literary and Artistic Works187

6.1.1 Standards for Protection189

6.1.2 Classes of Subject Matter194

6.1.2.1 Literary Works196

6.1.2.2 Musical Works198

6.1.2.3 Works of Visual Art and Photography198

6.1.2.4 Dramatic Works202

6.1.2.5 Cinematographic Works203

6.1.2.6 Translations,Adaptations,and Other Derivative Works204

6.1.2.7 Compilations and Collective Works,Including Databases205

6.1.2.8 Utilitarian Works208

6.1.2.9 Computer Programs209

6.1.2.10 Applied Art and Industrial Design211

6.1.3 Unprotectible Subject Matter216

6.1.3.1 Ideas,Facts216

6.1.3.2 Official Texts217

6.1.4 Formalities219

6.1.4.1 General Prohibition219

6.1.4.2 United States222

6.1.5 Fixation229

6.2 Performances,Phonograms,Broadcasts,Databases,and Other Productions230

6.2.1 Performances233

6.2.2 Phonograms235

6.2.3 Broadcasts237

6.2.4 Databases238

6.2.5 Formalities240

CHAPTER 7 Authorship and Ownership243

7.1 Initial Authorship and Ownership245

7.2 Collaborative (Joint) Authorship248

7.3 Collective Works251

7.4 Works Made for Hire or under Employment252

7.5 Audiovisual Works (Including Cinematographic Works)254

7.5.1 National Law255

7.5.2 International Conventions257

7.5.2.1 Berne Convention258

7.5.2.2 Rome Convention259

7.6 Ownership by Transfer260

7.6.1 Limitations and Construction of Transfers261

7.6.1.1 Scope of Grant264

7.6.1.2 Term and Termination of Grant266

7.6.1.3 Remuneration268

7.6.1.4 Rights to Future Works269

7.6.2 Formalities and Priorities269

7.6.2.1 Formalities269

7.6.2.2 Priorities271

7.6.3 Collective Rights Management273

CHAPTER 8 Term of Protection277

8.1 Copyright279

8.1.1 Traditional Literary and Artistic Works279

8.1.1.1 Individual Works279

8.1.1.2 Collective and Joint Works281

8.1.1.3 Anonymous and Pseudonymous Works282

8.1.2 Special Classes of Works283

8.1.2.1 Cinematographic Works283

8.1.2.2 Photographs and Works of Applied Art284

8.2 Neighboring Rights285

8.3 Comparison of Terms287

8.3.1 Berne Convention287

8.3.1.1 Scope288

8.3.1.2 Country of Origin289

8.3.2 Universal Copyright Convention290

8.3.3 E.C.Term Directive292

8.4 Retroactivity294

CHAPTER 9 Economic Rights297

9.1 Copyright300

9.1.1 Reproduction Right300

9.1.2 Distribution303

9.1.2.1 Exhaustion (First Sale)305

9.1.2.2 Rental Rights307

9.1.2.3 Public Lending Right310

9.1.2.4 Droit de Suite (Resale Royalty Right)312

9.1.3 Translation and Adaptation315

9.1.4 Communication to the Public317

9.1.4.1 Public Performance and Recitation320

9.1.4.2 Exhibition and Display322

9.1.4.3 Broadcasting323

9.1.4.4 Cable Retransmission326

9.1.4.5 Making Available Online328

9.1.5 Secondary (Contributory) Liability330

9.1.6 Anti-circumvention Rules333

9.2 Neighboring Rights337

9.2.1 Rights of Performers338

9.2.2 Rights of Phonogram Producers340

9.2.3 Rights of Broadcasting Organizations342

9.2.4 Other Neighboring Rights342

CHAPTER 10 Moral Rights345

10.1 Right of Paternity349

10.2 Right of Integrity351

10.3 Right of Divulgation353

10.4 Right of Withdrawal354

10.5 Limitation and Waiver of Moral Rights355

10.5.1 Waiver355

10.5.2 Limitations356

CHAPTER 11 Exemptions,Statutory Licenses,and Other Limitations on Exclusive Rights359

11.1 The Three-Step Test364

11.2 Private Uses367

11.2.1 Research and Scholarship368

11.2.2 Private Copying and Home Taping370

11.2.3 Reverse Engineering373

11.3 Incidental Uses374

11.3.1 Ephemeral Copies for Broadcasting Purposes374

11.3.2 Transient Digital Copies375

11.3.3 Other Incidental Uses377

11.4 Public Uses378

11.4.1 Quotation and Parody379

11.4.2 Uses by the Media382

11.4.3 Educational Uses383

11.4.4 Library and Archival Uses385

11.4.5 Recording of Musical Works387

11.4.6 Other Uses388

11.5 Reproduction and Translation in Developing Countries389

11.6 External Constraints on Copyright390

11.6.1 Misuse and Abuse of Copyright391

11.6.2 Freedom of Expression393

CHAPTER 12 Enforcement395

12.1 Coercive Remedies397

12.1.1 Temporary Remedies397

12.1.2 Permanent Remedies400

12.2 Monetary Remedies402

12.3 Criminal Sanctions405

12.4 Customs (Border) Measures406

APPENDICES409

1.Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works [Paris Text,1971]409

2.Berne Convention,Contracting Parties447

3.International Convention for the Protection of Performers,Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations [Rome Convention]453

4.Rome Convention,Contracting Parties467

5.WIPO Copyright Treaty [With Agreed Statements]471

6.WIPO Copyright Treaty,Contracting Parties485

7.WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty [With Agreed Statements]489

8.WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty,Contracting Parties507

9.Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights,Including Trade in Counterfeit Goods [TRIPs Agreement]513

10.Members of the World Trade Organization [WTO]523

11.International Copyright Relations of the United States of America525

BIBLIOGRAPHY543

INDEX553