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1 The Law of International Trade and the Multilateral Trading System1

Ⅰ.Some Background Considerations1

A.What Is the Law of International Trade?1

B.Distinguishing the Law of International Business Transactions and the Law of International Trade4

1.The Law of International Business Transactions4

2.The Law of International Trade5

3.Three Levels of Analysis7

Notes and Questions9

Problem 1-110

Ⅱ.International Trade Flows10

Problem 1-211

A.Trade in Goods12

B.Services Trade12

C.Foreign Direct Investment17

D.Technology Trade17

Notes and Questions18

Problem 1-319

Ⅲ.The Principal Global Economic nstitutions20

A.The World Bank21

Notes and Questions22

B.The International Monetary Fund22

Notes and Questions23

Problem 1-424

C.The World Trade Organization （WI'O）24

Mitsuo Matsushita, Thomas J.Schoenbaum, and Petros C.Mavroidis, The World Trade Organization: Law, Practice and Policy25

Notes and Questions27

Ⅳ.The Case for Free Trade: A Brief Look at International Economics29

A.Arguments in Favor of Free Trade29

Problem 1-529

Douglas Irwin, Free Trade Under Fire （2004）30

Notes and Questions41

B.United States-China Economic Relations44

Problem 1-644

1.The Growing U.S.Trade Deficit with China44

2.Currency Valuation Issues and “Hoarding” by China45

3.Risks Created by the Trade Deficit with China46

Notes and Questions48

Ⅴ.Negotiating Trade Concessions50

The Doha Development Agenda of 200151

Notes and Questions52

Ⅵ.Dispute Settlement52

A.General Considerations52

Notes and Questions54

Notes on Implementation and Remedies56

United States—Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline58

Problem 1-759

Problem 1-860

B.Trade Remedies60

C.Nullification or Impairment61

Problem 1-962

United States—Taxes on Petroleum and Certain Imported Substances62

Problem 1-1064

EEC—Payments and Subsidies Paid to Processors and Producers of Oilseeds and Related Animal-Feed Proteins64

Japan—Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper66

Notes and Questions70

D.Burden of Proof71

Canada—Measures Affecting the Importation of Milk and the Exportation of Dairy Products72

Notes and Questions77

E.Principles of Interpretation and Status of Adopted Reports78

Problem 1-1178

Japan —Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages78

Notes and Questions81

F.Trade Retaliation Under National Laws82

Problem 1-1282

Mitsuo Matsushita, Thomas J.Schoenbaum, and Petros C.Mavroidis, The World Trade Organization: Law,Practice and Policy83

Notes and Questions86

United States—Sections 301-310 of the Trade Act of 197486

Notes and Questions90

Ⅶ.Preferential Trade Agreements90

A.Introduction90

Problem 1-1394

Problem 1-1494

B.The North American Free Trade Agreement: An Overview95

Problem 1-1597

Note on Labor and Environmental Standards in Preferential Trade Agreements97

Note on Worker Productivity98

2 The Implementation of International Trade Obligations in the Domestic Legal Order101

Ⅰ.Introduction101

Ⅱ.Domestic Implementation of International Trade Obligations102

A.The United States103

1.The Executive Branch103

2.The Legislative Branch107

3.The Judicial Branch107

4.State and Local Government107

5.Problems in the Allocation of Power over Trade107

a.Negotiating a Trade Agreement107

b.Treaty versus Executive Agreement108

United States Department of State, Foreign Affairs Manual Circular No.175 （2d ed.1985）109

Notes and Questions109

c.Presidential Power over International Trade109

Problem 2-1110

United States v.Capps, Inc110

Dames ? Moore v.Regan113

Notes and Questions118

d.The Clash Between State and Federal Power118

Problem 2-2118

Problem 2-3119

Crosby v.National Foreign Trade Council119

Notes and Questions122

Problem 2-4123

B.The European Union124

Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization127

Problem 2-5133

Ⅲ.The Effect of Ⅲnternational Trade Agreements on Domestic Law and Resolving Conflicts Between International and Domestic Law133

A.The United States133

Problem 2-6134

Problem 2-7134

The Uruguay Round Agreements Act （1994）134

Notes and Questions137

Problem 2-8138

B.The European Union138

Portuguese Republic v.Council139

Notes and Questions141

3 The Core Principles of the WTO: Most Favored Nation and National Treatment143

Ⅰ.Introduction143

Ⅱ.The Most Favored Nation Principle144

Problem 3-1145

Problem 3-2146

Problem 3-3146

Problem 3-4146

A.Scope of the MFN Obligations147

Problem 3-5147

Problem 3-6147

Belgian Family Allowances （Allocations Familiales）147

Notes and Questions149

B.The “Like Product” Issue150

Treatment of Germany of Imports of Sardines150

Notes and Questions153

Problem 3-7153

C.De Facto Discrimination153

Canada —Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry153

Notes and Questions157

D.Exceptions to MFN Obligations158

Ⅲ.National Treatment159

Problem 3-8160

Notes and Questions161

A.Internal Taxes and Charges161

Japan —Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages161

Canada —Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals168

Notes and Questions176

B.Government Regulation177

Problem 3-9177

Italian Discrimination Against Imported Agricultural Machinery178

Problem 3-10182

Korea—Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef182

Notes and Questions190

Problem 3-11191

C.Government Procurement192

Norway—Procurement of Toll Collection Equipment for the City of Trondheim193

Notes and Questions196

4 Intellectual Property and TRIPs199

Ⅰ.Introduction199

A.Intellectual Property and International Trade200

B.Intellectual Property and the WTO202

C.TRIPs: An Overview203

Ⅱ.Copyright204

Phil Collins v.Imtrat Handelsgesellschaft GmbH205

Notes and Questions209

Ⅲ.Patents210

A.Introduction210

Problem 4-1212

Notes and Questions213

Problem 4-2213

Problem 4-3213

B.TRIPs and Pharmaceutical Patents214

Problem 4-4215

Problem 4-5215

1.The Doha Declaration216

DOHA WTO Ministerial Conference 2001: TRIPs and Public Health216

Problem 4-6217

2.The Implementation Decision218

Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPs Agreement and Public Health218

Notes and Questions219

3.Exceptions and Discrimination220

Problem 4-7220

Canada—Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products221

Notes and Questions229

Ⅳ.Trademarks and Geographical Indications229

A.Trademarks229

Problem 4-8232

Problem 4-9233

McDonald's Corp.v.Joburgers Drive-Inn Restaurant （Pty） Ltd234

Notes and Questions241

Problem 4-10241

United States —Section 211 Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998242

Notes and Questions249

B.Geographical Indications250

Problem 4-11250

Problem 4-12250

Problem 4-13250

Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma v.Asda Stores, Ltd251

Notes and Questions256

Problem 4-14257

Ⅴ.Enforcement Under TRIPs257

A.Commercial Piracy257

Statement of Professor Daniel Chow before the Senate Government Oversight and Management Subcommittee,April 20, 1994260

Oral Testimony of Professor Daniel Chow before the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission,June 8, 2006262

Note on Trade Sanctions Under U.S.Special 301262

Notes and Questions263

Problem 4-15264

B.TRIPs Enforcement Obligations264

1.General Obligations264

Problem 4-16264

Notes and Questions265

2.Criminal Enforcement265

Problem 4-17265

Notes and Questions265

3.Civil and Administrative Enforcement266

Notes and Questions267

4.Border Controls267

a.Customs Seizure and Forfeiture267

Notes and Questions268

b.Section 337 Exclusion Orders269

Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.v.International Trade Commission270

Notes and Questions276

5 Trade in Services and the GATS277

Ⅰ.Introduction277

A.GATS, TRIPs, and GATT Compared278

Ⅱ.The Definitions of “Services” and “Modes of Supply”278

Notes and Questions280

Ⅲ.GATS Obligations281

A.General Obligations282

Problem 5-1283

Problem 5-2284

Problem 5-3284

B.Obligations for Committed Sectors284

Problem 5-4286

Problem 5-5286

Problem 5-6286

Notes and Questions286

Note on the Lists of Article Ⅱ （MFN） Exemptions289

Ⅳ.Market Access Commitments289

Problem 5-7291

Format for Country Schedules of Specific Commitments291

Sample Schedule of Commitments: Arcadia292

Problem 5-8292

United States—Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services293

Notes and Questions304

Note on Cross-Border Trucking Services Under NAFTA306

Ⅴ.Sectoral Annexes to the GATS307

Problem 5-9308

Mexico—Measures Affecting Telecommunications Services309

Notes and Questions317

6 Foreign Direct Investment and TRIMS319

Ⅰ.Introduction319

Problem 6-1319

A.FDI Within World Trade320

Notes and Questions326

Ⅱ.The Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures （TRIMS）326

Problem 6-2327

Canada—Administration of the Foreign Investment327

Review Act327

Problem 6-3332

Indonesia —Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry332

Notes and Questions341

Problem 6-4341

Problem 6-5341

Note on the Outlook for a General Agreement on Investment in the WTO342

7 Trade in Goods: Customs and Tariff Law345

Ⅰ.Introduction345

A.Tariff Concessions346

B.Economic and Social Policy Implications of Tariffs347

Notes and Questions348

Problem 7-1349

Ⅱ.GATT Rules on Tariffs and Customs349

Problem 7-2349

Problem 7-3350

Problem 7-4350

Problem 7-5350

Notes and Questions350

Ⅲ.The Harmonized Tariff System352

Problem 7-6353

Problem 7-7354

Notes and Questions354

Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States355

Ⅳ.Customs Procedures358

Ⅴ.Product Classification360

A.The WTO Rules360

European Communities—Customs Classification of Certain Computer Equipment360

Problem 7-8365

European Communities—Customs Classification of Frozen Boneless Chicken Cuts365

Notes and Questions370

Problem 7-9370

Canada/Japan—Tariff on Import of Spruce, Pine, Fir（SPF） Dimension Lumber370

Spain - Tariff Treatment of Unroasted Coffee372

Notes and Questions373

B.The United States373

Problem 7-10374

Problem 7-11374

Bausch ? Lomb, Inc.v.United States375

Len-Ron Manufacturing Co., Inc.v.United States378

Mead Corporation v.United States383

Problem 7-12387

Problem 7-13387

Notes and Questions388

C.The European Union388

Council Regulation 2658/87388

E.I.DuPont deNemours, Inc.v.Commissioners of Customs and Excise389

Peacock AG v.Hauptzollamt Paderborn391

Notes and Questions393

Ⅵ.Valuation394

A.The WTO Rules394

Problem 7-14394

Problem 7-15395

B.United States Law395

Century Importers, Inc.v.United States395

Luigi Bormioli Corp., Inc.v.United States398

Notes and Questions405

Problem 7-16405

C.European Union Law406

Hans Sommer GmbH v.Hauptzollamt Bremen406

Notes and Questions407

Ⅶ.Rules of Origin408

A.WTO Standards408

B.United States Law409

Problem 7-17409

Koru North America v.United States409

SDI Technologies, Inc.v.United States414

Notes and Questions418

C.European Union Law418

Brother International GmbH v.Hauptzollamt Giessen419

Problem 7-18421

Ⅷ.Customs and Free Trade Areas422

Cummins Inc.v.United States422

Problem 7-19426

Problem 7-20426

Problem 7-21426

Note on Determining Origin Under NAFTA426

Article 401427

NAFTA: A Guide to Customs Procedures U.S.Department of Commerce Guidelines427

Notes and Questions431

8 Non-Tariff Trade Barriers433

Ⅰ.Introduction433

Ⅱ.Quotas433

A.Background433

Problem 8-1435

B.GATT Rules on Quotas436

1.Overview436

2.Article ⅩⅠ: The “General Elimination” Rule438

Problem 8-2438

Problem 8-3438

Japan —Trade in Semi-Conductors439

Notes and Questions445

Problem 8-4445

Canada—Import Restrictions on Ice Cream and Yoghurt446

Notes and Questions450

3.The Administration of Quotas450

European Communities—Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas451

Notes and Questions457

Ⅲ.Agricultural Trade457

Problem 8-5460

Problem 8-6461

Chile—Price Band System and Safeguard Measures Relating to Certain Agricultural Products461

Notes and Questions466

Ⅳ.Technical Regulations and Product Standards466

Problem 8-7467

Problem 8-8467

Problem 8-9468

Problem 8-10468

European Communities —Trade Description of Sardines469

Problem 8-11480

Ⅴ.State Trading Enterprises480

Problem 8-12481

Canada—Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and Treatment of Imported Grain482

Notes and Questions488

9 General Exceptions: Trade and Civil Society489

Ⅰ.Introduction489

Notes and Questions491

Ⅱ.Environmental Protection492

Problem 9-1492

Problem 9-2492

Problem 9-3492

United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products493

United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products Recourse to Article 21.5 by Malaysia502

Notes and Questions506

Note on Environment and Trade507

Problem 9-4510

Ⅲ.Protection of Human Health and Safety510

European Communities—Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products510

Note on the “Necessary” Requirement in GATT Article ⅩⅩ515

Notes and Questions517

Ⅳ.Food Safety: Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures519

A.Introduction519

Problem 9-5520

Problem 9-6520

European Communities—Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products （Hormones Case）521

Notes and Questions533

Note on the EC Biotech Products Case534

Ⅴ.Workers' Rights535

Problem 9-7537

Problem 9-9537

Problem 9-9538

Note on Human Rights and International Trade538

10 Safeguards539

Ⅰ.Introduction539

Ⅱ.Safeguards Under the WTO540

Notes and Questions541

Problem 10-1544

Problem 10-2545

Problem 10-3545

Ⅲ.Safeguards Under U.S.Law545

Corus Group PLC v.International Trade Commission547

Problem 10-4552

Consumers Union of the United States, Inc.v.Kissinger552

Notes and Questions557

Case Study One: The U.S.Auto Safeguards of 1981558

Problem 10-5558

Problem 10-6558

Report to the President on Certain Motor Vehicles and Certain Chassis and Bodies Thereof559

The U.S.-Japan Voluntary Restraint Agreement of 1981565

Notes and Questions567

Case Study Two: The U.S.Steel Safeguards Case of 2002568

Problem 10-7568

Report Submitted by President George W.Bush to the U.S.Congress （2002） Pursuant to Section 203（B）（1） of theTrade Act of 1974, as Amended568

Problem 10-8571

United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Certain Steel Products571

Notes and Questions581

Note on import Restrictions to Safeguard Balance of Payments584

11 Developing Countries587

Ⅰ.Introduction587

A.Overview of Developing Countries587

B.What Is a Developing Country?589

C.The History of Developing Countries Within the GATT/WTO590

Notes and Questions595

Note on the Application of Safeguards and Quotas Concerning Textiles and Clothing595

Note on Differing Views of Development597

Problem 11-1597

Ⅱ.The GATT and Developing Countries598

Problem 11-2598

Problem 11-3598

Notes and Questions599

Ⅲ.Developing Country Preference Systems Under the WTO599

A.The Generalized System of Preferences for the Trade in Goods599

1.The United States599

Problem 11-4600

Problem 11-5600

19 U.S.C.§2461600

19 U.S.C.§2462601

19 U.S.C.§2463601

Torrington Co.v.United States603

Notes and Questions608

2.The European Union608

Problem 11-6608

Problem 11-7609

European Communities—Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries609

Notes and Questions620

B.Special and Differential Treatment Under Other WTO Agreements620

Notes and Questions621

Ⅳ.Agricultural Trade Subsidies621

Problem 11-8623

European Communities—Export Subsidies on Sugar623

Note on U.S.—Upland Cotton632

Postscript: The Growing Clout of Developing Countries: Implications for the Future of the WTO636

12 Unfair Trade Remedies: Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties639

Ⅰ.Introduction639

Export America641

Notes and Questions643

Problem 12-1644

Ⅱ.Dumping and Anti-Dumping Duties644

A.The Economic and Political Debate644

Michael K.Young, United States Trade Law and Policy644

Thomas J.Schoenbaum, Market Contestability and Reform of the Antidumping Laws645

Backgrounder, The Heritage Foundation, No.261648

Notes and Questions649

Problem 12-2652

Problem 12-3652

B.The Operation of the U.S.Anti-Dumping Laws: Procedural Aspects652

Michael K.Young, United States Trade Law and Policy653

Note on Appeals of Anti-Dumping Cases to Binational Panels Under NAFTA659

C.The Calculation of Anti-Dumping Duties660

Problem 12-4661

Problem 12-5661

Problem 12-6661

Problem 12-7661

1.How Dumping Is Determined661

Notes and Questions664

a.Dumping Calculations665

Notes and Questions668

Problem 12-8670

D.Injury Analysis671

Problem 12-9671

1.Material Injury671

Sandvik AB v.United States672

2.Causation676

Nucor Corporation v.United States676

Notes and Questions680

E.International Law Discipline on Anti-Dumping Proceedings: The WTO Antidumping Agreement681

1.WTO Challenges to U.S.Anti-Dumping Law: Policy Issues682

Problem 12-10682

United States—Anti-Dumping Act of 1916682

Notes and Questions684

Problem 12-11686

2.Procedural Aspects of U.S.Law Under the WTO686

United States —Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Products from Japan687

Notes and Questions692

3.Dumping Determinations694

United States—Measures Relating to Zeroing and Sunset Reviews694

Notes and Questions700

4.The Material Injury Analysis700

European Communities—Anti-Dumping Duties on Malleable Cast Iron Tube or Pipe Fittings from Brazil701

Notes and Questions709

Ⅲ.Subsidies and Countervailing Measures710

A.Introduction710

B.The Economic and Political Rationales for Policies Against Subsidies712

Types of Subsidies712

The Economic Debate over Subsidies713

Michael K.Young, United States Trade Law and Policy714

Problem 12-12715

Notes and Questions716

C.Challenging Subsidies at the WTO: The Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement716

1.Defining Subsidies717

2.General Framework717

3.Agricultural Subsidies718

4.Prohibited Subsidies719

United States —Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations”719

Notes and Questions724

5.Actionable Subsidies727

Problem 12-13727

Indonesia —Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry728

6.WTO Remedies for Subsidization737

United States —Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations”737

Notes and Questions743

D.Countervailing Duty Procedures Under U.S.Law744

Michael K.Young, United States Trade Law and Policy745

Problem 12-14748

Problem 12-15748

Problem 12-16748

Notes and Questions749

E.WTO Standards for Countervailing Duty Investigations749

United States —Countervailing Duty Investigation on Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors （DRAMS） from Korea749

Problem 12-17757

Notes and Questions757

Note on the Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises758

Note on the U.S.—Canada Softwood Lumber Case759

13 Export Controls761

Ⅰ.WTO Export Rules761

Note on Multilateral Export Controls763

Ⅱ.U.S.Export Controls763

A.Introduction763

B.Export Controls Under the EAA and the EAR764

1.What Is Being Exported?766

2.Where Is the Destination of the Export?767

3.Who Will Receive the Item?768

4.What Use Will Be Made of the Item?769

Notes and Questions769

Problem 13-1770

Problem 13-2770

Problem 13-3770

Problem 13-4770

Excerpts from U.S.Export Administration Regulations771

Export Control Classification Numbers771

Ⅲ.U.S.-Ⅲmposed Embargoes and Trade Restrictions on Foreign Countries774

A.Introduction774

Problem 13-5775

B.The Cuban Embargo775

Empresa Cubana Del Tabaco v.Culbro Corp776

Notes and Questions784

C.The Helms-Burton Act784

Organization of American States: Inter -American Juridical Committee Opinion Examining the U.S.Helms-Burton Act786

Opinion of the Inter-American Juridical Committee in Response to Resolution AC/Doc 3375/96 of the General Assembly of the Organization Entitled “Freedom of Trade and Investment in the Hemisphere”786

Notes and Questions790

Problem 13-6791

Problem 13-7791

Problem 13-8792

Ⅳ.Anti-Boycott Regulations792

Problem 13-9793

United States v.Meyer793

Notes and Questions796

Bibliographical Note799

Table of Cases809

Index815