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PART ONE FORMING INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL AGREEMENTS3

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION3

1.1 International Trade and This Book3

1.2 An Overview of International Commercial Transactions5

1.3 How to Use This Book9

CHAPTER TWO: SOURCES OF THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL AGREEMENTS11

2.1 Introduction11

2.2 Promulgation and Enforcement of Principles of Commercial Law12

2.3 The World's Major Legal Systems14

2.4 The Civil Law System16

2.5 The British Common Law System20

2.6 Commercial Law in the United States of America23

2.7 Socialist Legal Systems24

2.8 Islamic Legal Systems28

2.9 The Impact of International Principles of Commercial Law30

CHAPTER THREE: PLANNING INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL AGREEMENTS37

3.1 Introduction37

3.2 Some Fundamental Principles of Contract Law39

3.3 The Different Forms of International Commercial Agreement56

3.4 Planning for Dispute Resolution67

3.5 Financing and Paying For International Commercial Agreements74

3.6 Other Considerations in Planning International Commercial Agreements79

CHAPTER FOUR: DRAFTING INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL AGREEMENTS87

4.1 Introduction87

4.2 Some Threshold Considerations88

4.3 The Use and Effect of a Letter of Intent95

4.4 Choosing the Language and the Law of the Agreement97

4.5 Using Standardized Clauses and Forms103

4.6 Sample Clauses in International Commercial Agreements: Formation and Performance105

4.7 Sample Clauses: Breach, Remedies and Miscellaneous108

4.8 Drafting the Dispute Resolution and Choice of Forum Clauses110

4.9 Some Concluding Comments113

CHAPTER FIVE: NEGOTIATING INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL AGREEMENTS115

5.1 Introduction115

5.2 Establishing a Basic Framework for Negotiation: A Short Excursus in Negotiation Theory116

5.3 The Stages of Commercial Negotiation127

5.4 Negotiating Styles, Strategy, and Tactics130

5.5 Cross-Cultural Negotiation133

5.6 Negotiation When Disputes Arise under an Existing Transaction137

5.7 The Ethics of Negotiation137

PART TWO RESOLVING INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL AGREEMENTS CHAPTER SIX: THE LESS-DRASTIC FORMS OF COMMERCIAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION145

CHAPTER SIX: THE LESS-DRASTIC FORMS OF COMMERCIAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION145

6.1 Introducation145

6.2 Contract Adaptation146

6.3 Renegotiation154

6.4 Mediation and Concilitation154

6.5 The Mini-trial160

CHAPTER SEVEN: LITIGATION165

7.1 Introduction165

7.2 Litigation Generally166

7.3 Subject Matter Jurisdiction167

7.4 Foreign Sovereign Immunity and the Act of State Doctrine168

7.5 Personal Jurisdiction Over Private Parties172

7.6 Service of Process177

7.7 Choice of Forum, Venue, and Forum Non Conveniens179

7.8 Choice of Law183

7.9 Discovery and Gathering Information and Evidence Abroad185

7.10 Trial Procedure189

7.11 Enforcement of Judgments at Home and Abroad190

7.12 Conclusion194

CHAPTER EIGHT: INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION: COMMENCING ARBITRATION, THE ARBITRATION HEARING AND THE ARBITRAL AWARD197

8.1 Introduction197

8.2 A Brief History of Commercial Arbitration202

8.3 The Statutory Basis for Arbitration204

8.4 The Lex Loci Arbitri and "Ad Hoc" Versus Institutional Arbitration207

8.5 A Description of the Major International Arbitral Institutions Including a Brief Summary of Their Rules209

8.6 Commencing the Arbitration217

8.7 Preparing for and Conducting the Hearing223

8.8 The Role of the Arbitrator228

8.9 The Arbitral Award229

CHAPTER NINE: INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION: ARBITRATION IN THE COURTS235

9.1 Introduction235

9.2 A ctions to Compel or Stay Arbitration239

9.3 Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral A wards242

9.4 International Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral A wards245

CHAPTER TEN: INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION: SPECIAL REGIONAL CONSIDERATION251

10.1 Introduction251

10.2 The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes252

10.3 The European Economic Community255

10.4 The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal257

10.5 Latin America259

10.6 The Middle East and Africa261

10.7 The Pacific Rim264

10.8 The People's Republic of China265

10.9 The Soviet Union and Other Soviet Bloc Countries268

CHAPTER ELEVEN: FUTURE TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL AGREEMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION273

11.1 Introduction273

11.2 Trends in International Commercial Agreements274

11.3 Trends in Internatinal Commercial Dispute Resolution275

APPENDICES281

Appendix A: UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods (1980)281

Appendix B: United States Uniform Commercial Code301

Appendix C: Rules of the ICC Court of Arbitration333

Appendix D: Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association345

Appendix E: The Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission for International Trade (UNCITRAL)357

Appendix F: Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, New York, June 10, 1958369

Appendix G: UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration373

BIBLIOGRAPHY384

INDEX390