THE UN CONVRNTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMENPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Introduction1

A. Introduction2

B. Towards a Convention on Elimination of Discrimination against Women3

Ⅰ. The League of Nations3

Ⅱ. The UN Charter4

Ⅲ. The Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 19675

Ⅳ. The UN Decade for Women 1975-1985 and the Decade World Conferences6

Ⅴ. Adoption of the Convention, 19796

C. Structure of the Convention8

Ⅰ. Preamble8

Ⅱ. Articles 1 to 58

Ⅲ. Articles 6 to 1610

Ⅳ. Articles 17 to 2211

Ⅴ. Articles 23 to 3012

Ⅵ. The Optional Protocol13

D. Issues of Definition and Interpretation13

Ⅰ. The Committee as Interpretive Body13

Ⅱ. Definitions14

1. Woman14

2. Gender15

3. Domestic Implementation16

Ⅲ. Core Concepts17

1. The Equality Model17

2. Equality and Equity18

Ⅳ. Women's Multiple Identities19

Ⅴ. Respect, Protect, Fulfil19

E. Interpretive Processes and Mechanisms20

Ⅰ. General Recommendations20

Ⅱ. Concluding Observations22

Ⅲ. Individual Communications and Inquiry22

Ⅳ. Suggestions, Decisions, and Statements23

Ⅴ. Status of Inteipretive Mechanisms as Sources of International Law23

Ⅵ. Contributions by NGOs24

F. Interpreting and Applying Convention Norms: Substantive and Contextual Issues25

Ⅰ. The Convention as a Human Rights Instrument25

Ⅱ. Relationship to Other International Instruments26

Ⅲ. The Convention, Non-derogability, and Customary International Law28

Ⅳ. Integrating Gender Perspectives into the Human Rights Work of the United Nations29

Ⅴ. Challenges Based on Religion and Culture30

Ⅵ. The Challenges of Globalization31

G. The Convention in the Twenty-first Century32

Preamble35

A. Introduction36

B. Travaux Preparatoires38

C. Issues of Interpretation38

Ⅰ. Structure of the Preamble38

Ⅱ. Contents of the Preamble Paragraphs39

Article 151

A. Introduction52

Ⅰ. Background52

Ⅱ. Concepts of Equality and Discrimination53

1. Formal Equality53

2. Substantive Equality54

3. Transformative Equality55

4. Equality of Opportunity56

5. Equality of Result or Equality of Outcome56

Ⅲ. Comparison with Corresponding Articles in Other Human Rights Instruments57

B. Travaux Preparatoires57

C. Issues of Interpretation59

Ⅰ. Analysis of the Text59

1. 'Any Distinction, Exclusion or Restriction Made on the Basis of [Sex]'59

2. 'Sex, Gender and Sexuality'59

3. 'Which has the Effect or Purpose of60

4. 'Impairing or Nullifying the Recognition, Enjoyment or Exercise by Women'60

5. 'Irrespective of Their Marital Status'61

6. 'On a Basis of Equality of Men and Women'61

7. 'Of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the Political, Economic, Social, Cultural, Civil or any Other Field'62

Ⅱ. Interpretation by the Committee62

1. General Approach62

2. Sex and Gender64

3. Sexuality/Sexual Orientation64

4. Concepts of Equality64

a) Formal and Substantive Equality64

b) De Jure and De Facto Equality65

c) Direct and Indirect Discrimination65

d) Equality of Opportunity/Equality of Outcome or Result66

e) Equality and Equity66

5. Relationship between Article 1 and Article 467

6. Rights and Freedoms to Which the Convention Applies67

a) Broader Application: Violence against Women68

7. Intersectionality68

D. Reservations70

Article 271

A. Introduction72

B. Travaux Preparatoires73

C. Issues of Interpretation74

Ⅰ. Chapeau75

1. 'States Parties Condemn Discrimination against Women in all its Forms'75

2. 'Agree to Pursue by all Appropriate Means and Without Delay a Policy of Eliminating Discrimination against Women'76

3. 'All Appropriate Means'/'(All) Appropriate Measures'77

4. 'And, to this End, Undertake'78

Ⅱ. Article 2(a)78

1. Direct Incorporation of the Convention into Domestic Law79

2. 'And to Ensure, Through Law and Other Appropriate Means, the Practical Realization of this Principle'82

Ⅲ. Article 2(b)83

Ⅳ. Article 2(c)84

Ⅴ. Article 2(d)85

Ⅵ. Article 2(e)86

Ⅶ. Article 2(f)90

Ⅷ. Article 2(g)92

D. Other Issues of Application93

Ⅰ. Federal States/States with Decentralized or Devolved Governance Arrangements93

Ⅱ. Territorial Application of the Convention93

Ⅲ. Extraterritorial Application of the Convention94

Ⅳ. Conduct of States Parties as Participants in International Organizations96

Ⅴ. Ratification of Other Instruments97

E. Reservations97

Article 3101

A. Introduction101

B. Travaux Preparatoires103

C. Issues of Interpretation103

Ⅰ. 'States Parties Shall Take in All Fields'103

Ⅱ. 'In Particular in Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Fields'105

Ⅲ. 'All Appropriate Measures'107

Ⅳ. 'Including Legislation'108

Ⅴ. 'To Ensure the Full Development and Advancement of Women'108

Ⅵ. 'For the Purpose of Guaranteeing them the Exercise and Enjoyment of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms'112

Ⅶ. 'On a Basis of Equality with Men'114

D. Equality in Context114

Ⅰ. Formal, Substantive, and Transformative Equality114

E. States Parties' Obligations115

Ⅰ. Implementation: Respect, Protect, Promote and Fulfil115

1. Obligation to Respect116

2. Obligation to Protect119

3. Obligation to Promote and Fulfil120

F. Conclusions121

Article 4123

A. Introduction124

Ⅰ. Background124

Ⅱ. Conceptual Framework of Article 4126

1. Special Measures are Integral to De Facto Equality126

2. Protecting Maternity is Integral to Development and Sustainability127

3. 'Special'127

4. Mandatory Nature128

5. Financing of Special Measures128

6. Time Scale129

Ⅲ. Comparison to Corresponding Articles in Other Human Rights Instruments129

B. Travaux Preparatoires130

C. Issues of Interpretation-Article 4(1)130

Ⅰ. Promotional Equality130

1. Accelerating De Facto Equality130

2. 'Special Measures'131

3. Special Measures Are Not Discriminatory131

4. Systemization of TSMs in Different Contexts131

5. Temporary133

Ⅱ. Issues of Policy134

1. Merit134

2. Target Beneficiaries134

3. Burden on Third Parties135

Ⅲ. Areas of Application135

1. Scope of Promotional Special Measures135

2. Intersectionality136

D. Issues of Interpretation桝rticle 4(2)136

Ⅰ. Maternity136

1. Procreation桞iological Difference136

2. Childrearing137

Article 5141

A. Introduction142

Ⅰ. The Place and Function of Article 5 in the Convention142

1. Gender Stereotypes and Fixed Parental Gender Roles142

2. The Place of Article 5 in the Convention143

3. Transformative Equality and Structural Discrimination143

4. The Relationship between Article 5 and Discrimination against Women144

5. Equality, Dignity, and Diversity145

Ⅱ. Gender Stereotypes and Fixed Parental Gender Roles146

1. Ideas about the Inferiority or Superiority of either of the Sexes146

2. Gender and Gender Stereotypes147

3. Fixed Parental Gender Roles147

4. The Persistence of Gender Stereotypes148

5. Gender Stereotypes and Intersectional Discrimination149

Ⅲ. The Concept of Culture in the Context of Article 5150

Ⅳ. Related Provisions in Other Human Rights Documents151

B. Travaux Preparatoires151

Ⅰ. The Basis for the Article151

Ⅱ. Developments during the Drafting Process152

C. The Committee's Interpretation of Article 5153

Ⅰ. References in Committee Documents153

Ⅱ. Article 5 in Relation to the Prohibition of Discrimination against Women154

1. Direct Discrimination154

2. Indirect Discrimination155

3. Structural Discrimination155

Ⅲ. The Committee's Approach to Culture155

1. The Committee's Response to Cultural Essentialism155

2. Cultural Practices and Beliefs under the Scope of Article 5156

a) Traditional Harmful Practices and Beliefs156

b) Machismo157

c) Protective Maternity Laws157

d) Breadwinner Models and Sharing Responsibilities within the Family158

e) Gender Stereotyping in Education and the Media159

3. Culture and Religion Cannot Justify Discrimination against Women159

D. Issues of Implementation161

Ⅰ. The Nature of the Obligations under Article 5161

1. All Appropriate Measures to Modify Patterns of Conduct and to Ensure Education161

2. Measures to Modify Stereotyped Representations of Women in Educational Materials, in Advertising, and in the Media161

a) The State Party's Obligation to Change Stereotypes161

b) The State Party's Obligation to Intervene in Public Expressions of Gender Stereotypes162

3. Measures to Eliminate Structural Discrimination and to Promote the Sharing of Family Responsibilities163

a) Revealing Structural Discrimination163

b) Abolishing and Amending Laws and Policies that Sustain Structural Discrimination163

c) Adopting New Laws and Public Policies164

4. Temporary Special Measures to Implement Article 5164

Ⅱ. The Extent of the Obligations165

1. Immediate or Gradual Implementation165

2. Public and Private Life166

3. Justiciability166

4. Reservations167

Article 6169

A. Introduction170

Ⅰ. Historical Context and Main Concepts170

Ⅱ. Role of the Convention171

Ⅲ. CEDAW Committee Practice173

1. Concluding Observations173

2. General Recommendations173

3. Optional Protocol174

B. Travaux Preparatoires175

Ⅰ. Article 6 Placement and Brevity175

Ⅱ. Scope of Subject Matter176

1. All Forms of Traffic'176

2. 'Exploitation of Prostitution'176

3. Other Harms177

C. Issues of Interpretation177

Ⅰ. 'All Forms of Traffic'177

Ⅱ. 'Exploitation of Prostitution'178

D. Equality in Context180

Ⅰ. Formal and Substantive Equality180

Ⅱ. Transformative Equality181

Ⅲ. Direct and Indirect Discrimination182

Ⅳ. Intersectional Discrimination182

E. States Parties' Obligation183

Ⅰ. Nature of the Obligation183

1. 'All Appropriate Measures'183

2. Immediate Implementation184

3. Specific and Non-specific Obligations184

Ⅱ. Implementation185

1. Obligation to Respect186

a) No Prosecution of Trafficked Women for Status Offences186

b) No Routine Detention of Trafficked Women186

c) Respect for Established Rights186

d) Trafficked Women's and Girls' Citizenship and Nationality Rights187

e) Discrimination against Prostitutes187

f) Prompt and Accurate Identification of Trafficked Women188

2. Obligation to Protect188

a) Criminal Justice Responses to End Impunity189

b) Protection and Support for Victims189

c) Legal Assistance, Protection, and Temporary Residence Permits190

d) Safe and Preferably Voluntary Return and Options for Residency in Appropriate Cases190

e) Safe, Fair, and Equal Labour Migration Opportunities191

f) Special Protective and Punitive Measures in Conflict Contexts191

g) Special Protection for Girl Victims of Trafficking192

3. Obligation to Fulfil192

a) Access to Remedies192

b) Data Collection192

c) Addressing Demand as a Root Cause of Trafficking193

d) Promoting Trafficking Awareness in All Sectors of Society194

e) Structural Remedies to Address the Causes of Trafficking and Exploitation of Prostitution194

f) Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation196

g) Cooperation with Civil Society in the Design and Implementation of Anti-Trafficking Interventions196

Article 7197

A. Introduction198

B. Travaux Preparatoires200

C. Issues of Interpretation201

Ⅰ. Chapeau201

1. Political and Public Life of the Country201

Ⅱ. Article 7(a)202

1. Political System202

2. Choice of Electoral System202

Ⅲ. Article 7(b)203

1. Government Policy203

2. Public Office and Public Functions203

3. Women in the Military204

4. Privatization205

5. Women's Access to Traditional Forms of Power205

6. Women in Post-conflict Reconstruction206

Ⅳ. Article 7(c)206

1. Non-governmental Organizations207

2. Associations Concerned with Political and Public Life207

3. Women in Political Parties208

4. Women in Trade Unions208

5. Fair Representation on Corporate Boards209

D. Equality in Context209

Ⅰ. Formal Equality209

Ⅱ. Substantive Equality209

Ⅲ. Transformative Equality Including Elimination of Structural Obstacles and Gender Stereotyping211

Ⅳ. Direct vs Indirect Discrimination212

Ⅴ. Intersectional Discrimination213

E. States Parties' Obligations214

Ⅰ. Nature of the Obligations214

1. 'All Appropriate Measures' including the Need for the Application of TSMs214

a) Types of TSMs in Political and Public Life214

2. Immediate vs Gradual Implementation215

Ⅱ. Implementation216

1. Obligation to Respect216

2. Obligation to Protect216

3. Obligation to Fulfil217

Ⅲ. Justiciability218

Ⅳ. Reservations218

Article 8221

A. Introduction221

B. Travaux Preparatoires222

C. Issues of Interpretation223

Ⅰ. Opportunity to Represent their Governments at the International Level223

Ⅱ. Opportunity to Participate in the Work of International Organizations223

Ⅲ. Specifications of Article 8 in International Organizations224

Ⅳ. International Civil Service225

Ⅴ. Women in Conflict Resolution, Peace-keeping, and Peace-building Missions226

D. Equality in Context227

Ⅰ. Formal Equality227

Ⅱ. Substantive Equality227

Ⅲ. Transformative Equality including Elimination of Structural Obstacles and Gender Stereotyping227

Ⅳ. Direct vs Indirect Discrimination228

Ⅴ. Intersectional Discrimination228

E. States Parties' Obligations228

Ⅰ. Nature of the Obligations228

1. All Appropriate Measures'228

2. Need for the Application of TSMs229

3. Immediate vs Gradual Implementation229

Ⅱ. Implementation229

1. Obligation to Respect229

2. Obligation to Protect230

3. Obligation to Fulfil230

Ⅲ. Justiciability230

Ⅳ. Reservations231

Article 9233

A. Introduction233

B. Travaux Preparatoires235

C. Issues of Interpretation237

Ⅰ. Article 9(1) Equality and Non-discrimination in Respect of Women's Nationality238

1. Eliminating the Concept of Dependent Nationality241

Ⅱ. Article 9(2) Equality with Respect to the Nationality of Children243

Ⅲ. The Right to a Passport and Article 9245

D. Equality in Context245

Ⅰ. Formal Equality245

Ⅱ. Substantive Equality246

Ⅲ. Intersectional Discrimination246

E. States Parties' Obligations247

Ⅰ. Nature of the Obligations247

Ⅱ. Implementation248

1. Obligation to Respect and Protect248

2. Obligation to Fulfil248

Ⅲ. Reservations249

Article 10253

A. Introduction254

Ⅰ. Education as a Human Right: International and Regional Perspectives255

B. Travaux Preparatoires256

Ⅰ. Article 10(a)257

Ⅱ. Atticle 10(b)257

Ⅲ. Article 10(c)258

Ⅳ. Article 10(f)258

Ⅴ. Article 10(g)258

Ⅵ. Article 10(h)258

C. Issues of Interpretation259

Ⅰ. Taking All Appropriate Measures259

Ⅱ. Equality260

1. Article 10(a)260

2. Article 10(b)262

3. Article 10(c)263

a) Encouraging Coeducation265

4. Article 10(d)265

5. Article 10(e)266

6. Article 10(0267

7. Article 10(g)269

8. Article 10(h)269

D. Equality in Context270

Ⅰ. Formal Equality271

Ⅱ. Moving Beyond Formal Equality271

Ⅲ. Substantive Equality271

Ⅳ. Transformative Equality272

Ⅴ. Direct Discrimination273

Ⅵ. Indirect Discrimination273

Ⅶ. Temporary Special Measures (TSMs)274

Ⅷ. Intersectional Discrimination274

E. States Parties' Obligations275

Ⅰ. The Nature of State Obligations275

Ⅱ. Implementation275

1. Obligation to Respect275

2. Obligation to Protect276

3. Obligation to Fulfil276

Ⅲ. Reservations278

Article 11279

A. Introduction281

Ⅰ. ILO and Other UN Agencies281

Ⅱ. Beijing Platform for Action282

Ⅲ. Millennium Development Goals282

B. Travaux Preparatoires283

Ⅰ. Differing Perspectives in Western, Socialist, and Developing Economies283

Ⅱ. Reproductive Function283

Ⅲ. Family Responsibilities283

Ⅳ. Costs of Maternity Protections and Social Services284

Ⅴ. Pensionable Age and Part-time Work284

C. Issues of Interpretation284

Ⅰ. Concepts284

Ⅱ. Article 11(1)285

Ⅲ. Article ll(l)(a)285

1. Inalienability and Cultural Restrictions on Women's Right to Work285

2. Realization of Full Employment286

3. Availability and Accessibility of Decent Work287

Ⅳ. Article ll(l)(b)288

1. Employment Opportunities288

2. Selection for Employment289

Ⅴ. Article 11 (l)(c)289

1. Free Choice of Profession and Employment289

2. Equal Treatment in Employment Conditions290

3. Sexual Harassment290

4. Vocational Training, Retraining, and Recurrent Training291

5. Part-time Work291

Ⅵ. Article ll(l)(d)292

Ⅶ. Article ll(l)(e)294

1. Coverage of Social Security Schemes294

2. Retirement295

3. Paid Leave295

Ⅷ. Article ll(l)(f)296

1. Safe and Healthy Working Conditions296

2. Safeguarding of the Function of Reproduction297

3. Sexual Violence in the Work Environment297

Ⅸ. Article 11(2)298

Ⅹ. Article ll(2)(a)299

1. Prohibition of Dismissal299

2. Discrimination in Conditions of Employment and in Acceptance to Employment299

Ⅺ. Article 11(2)(b)299

1. Right to Leave299

2. With Pay or Comparable Social Benefits300

3. Protection of Employment Status301

Ⅻ. Article ll(2)(c)301

1. Affordable and Accessible Child Care Facilities301

2. Encourage or Provide301

ⅩⅢ. Article ll(2)(d)302

ⅩⅣ. Article 11(3)302

D. Equality in Context303

Ⅰ. Formal and Substantive Equality303

Ⅱ. Direct and Indirect Discrimination303

Ⅲ. Elimination of Structural Discrimination Including Gender Stereotyping304

Ⅳ. Transformative Equality304

Ⅴ. Intersectional Discrimination305

E. States Parties' Obligations307

Ⅰ. Nature of the Prohibition of Discrimination307

1. 'All Appropriate Measures', Including the Need for Application of TSMs307

2. Immediate or Gradual Implementation307

Ⅱ. Implementation307

Ⅲ. Reservations309

Article 12311

A. Introduction312

B. Travaux Preparatoires314

C. Issues of Interpretation315

Ⅰ. Health and its Sex and Gender Dimensions315

Ⅱ. The Field of Health Care317

Ⅲ. Access to Health Care Services317

Ⅳ. Reproductive and Sexual Health Services320

D. Equality in Context323

Ⅰ. Formal Equality323

Ⅱ. Substantive Equality324

Ⅲ. Transformative Equality325

Ⅳ. Direct vs Indirect Discrimination326

Ⅴ. Intersectional Discrimination326

Ⅵ. Temporary Special Measures (TSMs)327

E. States Parties' Obligations327

Ⅰ. Nature of the obligations327

1. 'All Appropriate Measures'327

2. Immediate vs Gradual Implementation329

3. Specific/Non-specific330

Ⅱ. Implementation330

1. Obligation to Respect330

2. Obligation to Protect331

3. Obligation to Fulfil332

Ⅲ. Reservations332

F. Conclusion332

Article 13335

A. Introduction336

B. Travaux Preparatoires337

C. Issues of Interpretation337

Ⅰ. Chapeau338

1. 'To Eliminate Discrimination'... in Order to Ensure... the Same Rights'338

2. 'In Other Areas of Economic and Social Life'339

a) Economic and Social Rights not Protected by other CEDAW Provisions339

b) Civil and Political Rights Necessary for Participating in Economic and Social Life340

c) Access to Resources and Opportunities in Social and Economic Life341

d) Conclusion: Scope of Application of the Chapeau342

aa) Right to Self-employed Economic Activities342

bb) Right to Food342

cc) Right to Adequate Housing344

dd) Right to an Adequate Standard of Living345

ee) Right to Water347

ff) Right to Sanitation347

gg) Tax Laws348

hh) Right to Participate in Social Life348

ii) Right to Communication in Economic and Social Life349

Ⅱ. Article 13(a): The Equal Right to Family Benefits349

1. Concepts349

2. Equality in Context350

Ⅲ. Article 13(b): The Equal Right to Bank Loans, Mortgages, and Other Forms of Financial Credit351

1. Concepts351

2. Equality in Context351

Ⅳ Article 13(c): The Equal Right to Participate in Recreational Activities, Sports, and all Aspects of Cultural Life352

1. Concepts352

2. Equality in Context353

D. States Parties' Obligations354

Ⅰ. Nature of the Obligation354

Ⅱ. Implementation-Respect, Protect, and Fulfil354

Ⅲ. Reservations355

Article 14357

A. Introduction358

Ⅰ. Who is a Rural Woman?359

Ⅱ. Rural Women: From Development to Rights360

Ⅲ. Rural Women within UN Structures361

B. Travaux Preparatoires361

Ⅰ. Other Issues Discussed and Amendments Made362

1. Coverage362

2. Equality363

3. Health and Family Planning363

4. Education363

5. Self-help Groups and Cooperatives363

C. Issues of Interpretation363

Ⅰ. Article 14(1)364

1. Significant Roles Which Rural Women Play in the Economic Survival of their Families364

Ⅱ. Article 14(2)365

1. Participation365

2. Article 14(2)(a)366

3. Article I4(2)(b)366

4. Accessing Information368

5. Article 14(2)(c)369

6. Article l4(2)(d)370

7. Article 14(2)(e)372

8. Article 14(2)(f)373

9. Article 14(2)(g)374

a) Appropriate Technology374

b) Equal Treatment in Land374

c) Land Reform and Resettlement375

10. Article 14(2)(h)376

a) Housing377

b) Water378

c) Electricity, Communication, and Transport379

D. Equality in Context380

Ⅰ. Formal Equality380

Ⅱ. Substantive Equality380

Ⅲ. Transformative Equality381

Ⅳ. Direct Discrimination381

Ⅴ. Indirect Discrimination381

Ⅵ. Intersectionality382

Ⅶ. Temporary Special Measures (TSMs)382

E. States Parties' Obligations382

Ⅰ. Obligation to Respect383

Ⅱ. Obligation to Protect383

Ⅲ. Obligation to Fulfil383

F. Reservations385

Article 15387

A. Introduction388

B. Travaux Preparatoires389

Ⅰ. Article 15(1)390

Ⅱ. Article 15(2)390

Ⅲ. Article 15(3)391

Ⅳ. Article 15(4)391

C. Issues of Interpretation392

Ⅰ. Article 15(1)392

1. Equality and Administration of Criminal Justice392

Ⅱ. Article 15(2)395

1. Identical Legal Capacity395

2. Equality in Contractual and Property Transactions396

3. Equality in Access to Procedures in Civil Courts and Tribunals398

Ⅲ. Article 15(3)398

Ⅳ. Article 15(4)399

D. Equality in Context400

Ⅰ. Formal Equality400

Ⅱ. Substantive Equality400

Ⅲ. Transformative Equality Including Elimination of Structural Obstacles and Gender Stereotyping401

Ⅳ. Intersectional Discrimination402

E. States Parties' Obligations404

Ⅰ. Nature of the obligation404

Ⅱ. Implementation404

Ⅲ. Reservations405

F. Conclusion406

Article 16409

A. Introduction410

Ⅰ. Preliminary History412

Ⅱ. Travaux Preparatoires413

Ⅲ. General Recommendation 21415

B. Issues of Interpretation415

Ⅰ. Chapeau415

1. All Appropriate Measures... and in Particular'415

2. The 'Same Rights and Responsibilities'416

3. 'Marriage and Family Relations'416

4. De Facto Relationships417

5. Unregistered Marriages as De Facto Unions418

6. Polygamy419

7. Equality in the Family and Multiple Legal Systems420

Ⅱ. Article 16(1)422

1. Article 16(l)(a) The Same Right to Enter into Marriage422

2. Article 16(l)(b) The Same Right Freely to Choose a Spouse and to Enter into Marriage only with their Free and Full Consent422

a) Arranged Marriage and Forced Marriage423

3. Article 16(l)(c) The Same Rights and Responsibilities During Marriage and at its Dissolution425

a) During Marriage425

b) Dissolution of Marriage425

aa) Grounds for Divorce425

bb) Process and Procedure426

4. Article 16(l)(d) The Same Rights and Responsibilities as Parents, Irrespective of their Marital Status, in Matters Relating to their Children; in all Cases the Interests of the Children Shall Be Paramount427

a) Child Custody in Divorce: In all Such Cases, the Interest of the Children Shall Be Paramount428

b) Children Born Out of Wedlock429

5. Article 16(l)(e) The Same Rights to Decide Freely and Responsibly on the Number and Spacing of their Children and to Have Access to the Information, Education, and Means to Enable them to Exercise these Rights429

6. Article 16(l)(f) The Same Rights and Responsibilities With Regard to Guardianship, Wardship, Trusteeship, and Adoption of Children, or Similar Institutions Where these Concepts Exist in National Legislation; in all Cases the Interests of the Children Shall Be Paramount430

7. Article 16(l)(g) The Same Personal Rights as Husband and Wife, Including the Right to Choose a Family Name, a Profession, and an Occupation431

a) Right to Choose a Family Name431

b) Right to Choose a Profession and an Occupation432

8. Article 16(l)(h) The Same Rights for Both Spouses in Respect of the Ownership, Acquisition, Management, Administration, Enjoyment, and Disposition of Property, Whether Free of Charge or for a Valuable Consideration432

a) Acquisition and Ownership, Management, and Administration During the Marriage432

b) Division of Property upon Dissolution of Marriage or De Facto Relationship433

c) Inheritance435

Ⅲ. Article 16(2)436

1. Definition:'a Child'436

2. Betrothal and Marriage of a Child437

3. Shall Have No Legal Effect437

4. Minimum Age for Marriage438

5. Marriage Registration438

Ⅳ. Equality in Context438

1. Formal Equality438

2. Substantive and Transformative Equality439

C. States Parties' Obligations439

Ⅰ. Implementation439

1. Obligation to Respect439

2. Obligation to Protect440

3. Obligation to Fulfil440

Ⅱ. Reservations441

1. Withdrawal of Reservations442

2. Reservations and the Optional Protocol442

Violence Against Women443

A. Introduction443

B. General Recommendation 19444

Ⅰ. Background to General Recommendation 19444

Ⅱ. General Recommendation 19447

Ⅲ. Subsequent International Instruments447

C. Violence against Women: Interpretive Issues450

Ⅰ. Violence against Women within an Equality Paradigm450

Ⅱ. Definition of Gender-based Violence against Women452

D. Gender-Based Violence against Women: Sites and Forms453

Ⅰ. Introduction453

Ⅱ. Violence in the Family454

Ⅲ. Violence Occurring in the Community456

1. Physical Violence in the Community456

2. Exploitation458

3. Harmful Practices458

4. Workplace Violence459

Ⅳ. Violence Condoned or Perpetrated by the State460

Ⅴ. Violence in Armed Conflict461

E. Violence against Women: Equality in Context463

Ⅰ. Formal, Substantive, and Transformative Equality463

Ⅱ. Intersectional Discrimination464

F. States Parties' Obligations465

Ⅰ. Nature of States Parties' Obligations465

1. Appropriate and Effective Measures465

2. Duty of Due Diligence466

3. The Standard of Due Diligence466

Ⅱ. Implementation of States Parties' Obligations467

1. Obligation to Respect468

2. Obligation to Protect469

3. Obligation to Promote and Fulfil471

G. Conclusions473

Article 17475

A. Introduction476

B. Travaux Preparatoires477

C. Internal Organization and Engagement with Other Entities478

Ⅰ. Subsidiary Bodies478

Ⅱ. Interaction with Other Entities in the UN System479

Ⅲ. The Committee and Treaty Body Reform479

D. Committee Practice480

Ⅰ. Article 17(1)480

Ⅱ. Article 17(2)482

Ⅲ. Practice and Developments relating to Article 17(3) and (4)482

Ⅳ. Article 17(5)483

Ⅴ. Article 17(6) and 17(7)483

Ⅵ. Article 17(8)484

Ⅶ. Article 17(9)484

Article 18489

A. Introduction489

B. Travaux Preparatoires490

C. Committee Practice491

Ⅰ. The Obligation to Submit Country Reports491

1. Encouraging the Submission of Reports桝voiding Duplication in Reporting491

2. Allowing Combined Reports492

3. Persuading States Parties to Submit Reports493

Ⅱ. Reporting Requirements494

1. Form and Contents of Reports495

2. NGOs and their Involvement in the Preparation of States Parties' Reports497

Ⅲ. The Committee's Role497

1. Preparing for the Dialogue with States Parties497

2. The Constructive Dialogue499

Ⅳ. Periodic Reporting Requirements and Committee Review500

1. Concluding Observations501

2. Format of the Concluding Observations501

3. Procedure for Adopting Concluding Observations503

4. Follow-up to Concluding Observations504

Ⅴ. The Role of Other Entities505

1. Information from National Human Rights Institutions505

2. Information from Non-Governmental Organizations505

3. Role of the Secretariat507

Article 19509

A. Introduction509

B. Travaux Preparatoires509

C. Committee Practice509

Ⅰ. Article 19(1)509

Ⅱ. Article 19(2)512

Article 20513

A. Introduction513

B. Travaux Preparatoires514

C. Committee Practice514

Ⅰ. 'The Committee shall normally meet for a period of not more than two weeks annually...'514

Ⅱ. '... in order to consider the reports submitted in accordance with article 18 of the present Convention.517

Ⅲ. 'The meetings of the Committee shall normally be held at United Nations Headquarters or at any other convenient place as determined by the Committee.'517

Article 21519

A. Introduction519

B. Travaux Preparatoires520

C. Committee Practice520

Ⅰ. Article 21(1)520

1. Assessing States Parties' Reports522

2. General Recommendations523

3. Statements524

Ⅱ. Article 21(2)525

Article 22527

A. Introduction527

B. Travaux Preparatoires527

C. Committee Practice528

Article 23531

A. Introduction531

B. Travaux Preparatoires532

C. Issues of Interpretation533

Ⅰ. Nothing in the Present Convention Shall Affect Any Provisions that Are More Conducive to the Achievement of Equality Between Men and Women Which May Be Contained:533

1. (a) In the Legislation of a State Party; or533

2. (b) In Any Other International Convention, Treaty or Agreement in Force for that State534

Ⅱ. Other International Law535

D. Interpretation by the Committee桮eneral Approach536

E. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings537

Article 24539

A. Introduction539

B. Travaux Preparatoires540

C. Issues of Interpretation540

Ⅰ. Undertake to Adopt541

Ⅱ. All Necessary Measures541

Ⅲ. At the National Level541

Ⅳ. Aimed at Achieving the Full Realization542

Ⅴ. Of the Rights Recognized in the Present Convention542

D. Interpretation by the Committee-General Approach542

Ⅰ. Parliaments/Legislatures544

Ⅱ. National Human Rights Institutions544

E. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings545

Article 25547

A. Introduction547

B. Travaux Preparatoires548

C. Practice of States Parties548

D. Issues of Interpretation548

Ⅰ. Article 25(1)548

1. Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories; Former Colonies549

a) United Kingdom549

b) The Netherlands550

c) New Zealand550

d) Hong Kong550

2. De Facto Regimes, Non-State Subjects of International Law, and Municipalities551

a) De Facto Regimes, Including Taiwan551

b) Holy See551

c) Sao Paulo State, Brazil552

d) San Francisco, California, USA552

Ⅱ. Article 25(2)552

Ⅲ. Article 25(3)553

Ⅳ. Article 25(4)554

Ⅴ. Absence of a Withdrawal Clause556

Article 26557

A. Introduction557

B. Travaux Preparatoires557

C. Practice of States Parties558

D. Issues of Interpretation558

Ⅰ. Article 26(1)558

Ⅱ. Article 26(2)559

Article 27561

A. Introduction561

B. Travaux Preparatoires561

C. Practice of States Parties562

D. Issues of Interpretation562

Ⅰ. Article 27(1)562

Ⅱ. Article 27(2)563

Article 28565

A. Introduction565

B. Travaux Preparatoires566

C. Reservations to the Convention567

Ⅰ. General reservations568

Ⅱ. Articles 1 to 5569

Ⅲ. Articles 7-9571

Ⅳ. Articles 11-14572

Ⅴ. Articles 15-16573

D. Activity to Address Reservations to the Convention575

Ⅰ. Objections by States Parties575

Ⅱ. Meeting of States Parties579

Ⅲ. The Work of the Committee581

E. Removal and Modification of Reservations591

F. Conclusion595

Article 29597

A. Introduction597

B. Travaux Preparatoires598

C. Practice of States Parties599

D. Issues of Interpretation599

Ⅰ. Article 29(1)599

Ⅱ. Article 29(2)600

Ⅲ. Article 29(3)601

Article 30603

A. Introduction603

B. Travaux Preparatoires603

C. Practice of the Secretary-General604

D. Issues of Interpretation604

Optional Protocol607

A. Introduction608

B. Background608

Ⅰ. Negotiations of the Convention608

Ⅱ. The Campaign for Further Monitoring Procedures609

Ⅲ. The Drafting Process in the CSW613

Ⅳ. The Work of the Committee under the Optional Protocol617

C. Commentary618

Ⅰ. The Preamble618

Ⅱ. Article 1619

Ⅲ. Article 2621

1. Individuals or Groups of Individuals622

2. Victims of a Violation626

3. Under the Jurisdiction of the State Party628

4. The Rights Set Forth in the Convention629

Ⅳ. Article 3631

Ⅴ. Article 4632

1. All Available Domestic Remedies Have Been Exhausted Unless the Application of Such Remedies is Unreasonably Prolonged or Unlikely to Bring Effective Relief634

2. The Same Matter640

3. Incompatible641

4. Manifestly Ill-founded or Not Sufficiently Substantiated643

5. Abuse of the Right to Submit a Communication644

6. The Facts... Occurred Prior to the Entry into Force of the Protocol for the State Party Concerned, Unless those Facts Continued after that Date644

Ⅵ. Article 5647

Ⅶ. Article 6650

Ⅷ. Article 7653

1. Consideration of Communications and its Outcome653

2. Follow-up Procedure656

Ⅸ. Article 8659

Ⅹ. Article 9666

Ⅺ. Article 10668

Ⅻ. Article 11669

ⅩⅢ. Article 12670

ⅩⅣ. Article 13671

ⅩⅤ. Article 14672

ⅩⅥ. Article 15673

ⅩⅦ. Article 16674

ⅩⅧ. Article 17675

ⅩⅨ. Article 18676

ⅩⅩ. Article 19677

ⅩⅪ. Article 20678

ⅩⅫ. Article 21679

Annexe 1: Table of General Recommendations681

Annexe 2: Table of Treaties683

Annexe 3: Bibliography689

Index713