INTRODUCTION TO INTENATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW:SECOND REVISED EDITIONPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Ⅰ. The Discipline of ICL1

1. The Sources of ICL1

1.1. The Components of ICL1

1.2. The Different Sources of Law and Their Application to ICL’s Components13

1.3. Assessing the Sources of Law Applicable to ICL and the Doctrinal Framework of ICL15

1.4. Complementarity19

2. The Peculiarities of ICL Enforcement Regimes22

3. The Policies and Values of ICL and Their Systemic Development27

3.1. The Historical Evolution of the "Direct Enforcement System"28

3.2. The Evolution of ICL Norm-Development30

3.3. The Historic Evolution of ICL Enforcement through the "Indirect Enforcement System"34

3.4. The Underlying Concept of ICL Enforcement：A Civitas Maxima35

4. The Changing Nature of International Law and Relations and Their Impact on ICL44

5. Conclusion52

Ⅱ. The Subjects of International Criminal Law：Ratione Personae59

1. Introduction59

2. Doctrinal Considerations61

3. International Criminal Responsibility of Individuals66

3.1. Basis of Responsibility66

3.2. International Criminal Responsibility of Non-State Actors70

4. Criminal Responsibility of Heads of State and Other Persons Benefiting from International Immunities73

4.1. Introduction73

4.2. Historical Evolution before International Judicial Organs and under Conventional ICL75

4.3. Customary Practice of States78

4.4. The ICJ’s 2002 Ruling on International Immunities of Certain Persons89

4.5. Head of State Immunity under the ICTY/ICTR and ICC91

4.6. Conclusion95

5. International Criminal Responsibility of Groups and Organizations96

5.1. International Responsibility of Individual Group Members96

5.2. International Criminal Responsibility of Corporations As Legal Persons98

5.3. Corporate Liability for Harm to the Environment99

5.4. Liability of TNCs for Their Conduct Abroad:“Aiding and Abetting”As Applied to TNCs101

6. International Criminal Responsibility of States104

7. State Immunity：A Bar to Civil Remedies for Jus Cogens International Crime109

8. The Victim As a Subject of ICL111

8.1. The Evolution of the Individual Victim’s Rights in International Law111

8.2. The Normative Framework of a Victim’s Right to Reparation113

8.2.1. The Evolution and Foundation of the Normative Framework for a Victim’s Right of Reparation114

8.2.2. Defining the Term“Victim”122

8.2.3. A State’s Obligation to Respect，Ensure Respect for，and Enforce International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law124

8.2.4. The Rights of Victims124

8.3. Mechanisms for Obtaining Reparation for Victims126

8.4. Economic and Political Considerations130

9. Conclusion133

Ⅲ. International Crimes：Ratione Materiae137

1. Introduction137

2. Codification of ICL139

3. Criteria for International Criminalization142

4. The Penal Characteristics of ICL Conventions143

5. The Hierarchy of International Crimes146

6. The General Categories of International Crimes149

6.1. Protection of International Peace and Security150

6.1.1. Aggression150

6.2. Protection of Human Interests Not Associated with Other Internationally Protected Interests153

6.2.1. Genocide153

6.2.2. Crimes against Humanity157

6.2.3. War Crimes167

6.2.4. Unlawful Possession，Use，Emplacement Stockpiling，and Trade of Weapons，including Nuclear Weapons199

6.2.5. Nuclear Terrorism201

6.2.6. Apartheid201

6.2.7. Slavery，Slave-Related Practices，and Trafficking in Human Beings202

6.2.8. Torture and Other Forms of Cruel，Inhuman，or Degrading Treatment or Punishment203

6.2.9. Unlawful Human Experimentation204

6.2.10. Enforced Disappearance and Extrajudicial Execution205

6.2.11. Mercenarism207

6.3. Protection of Human Interests Associated with Other Internationally Protected Interests208

6.3.1. Piracy and Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation and the Safety of Platforms on the High Seas208

6.3.2. Aircraft Hijacking and Unlawful Acts of International Air Safety208

6.3.3. Threat and Use of Force against Internationally Protected Persons and United Nations Personal209

6.3.4. Taking of Civilian Hostages210

6.3.5. Use of Explosives210

6.3.6. Financing of Terrorism210

6.3.7. Unlawful Use of the Mail210

6.4. Protection of Social and Cultural Interests212

6.4.1. Unlawful Traffic in Drugs and Related Drug Offenses212

6.4.2. Organized Crime and Related Specific Crimes213

6.4.3. Destruction and/or Theft of National Treasures213

6.4.4. Unlawful Acts against Certain Internationally Protected Elements of the Environment214

6.4.5. International Traffic in Obscene Materials214

6.4.6. Falsification and Counterfeiting215

6.4.7. Unlawful Interference with International Submarine Cables215

6.4.8. Corruption and Bribery Bribery of Foreign Public Officials216

7. Evolution of the Process of International Criminalization216

7.1. Introduction216

7.2. Assessing the Characteristics of ICL Conventions and Related Instruments219

7.3. Observations on the Ranking and Classification of International Crimes227

8. Jus Cogens International Crimes236

8.1. The Meaning of Jus Cogens239

8.2. The Scope of Obligatlo Erga Omnes244

9. The Principles of Legality and the Ratione Materiae of ICL246

10. Conclusion253

Appendix：ICL Conventions and Related Materials255

Ⅳ. Principles of Criminal Responsibility：The General Part285

1. Introduction285

2. General Considerations289

3. National Legal Standards and Their Relevance to ICL296

4. Some Problems in Identifying the General Part from the Charter to the Rome Statute301

5. Some Specific Problems304

5.1. The Mental Element304

5.2. Theories of Criminal Responsibility313

6. The Application of the General Part by the IMT，IMTFE，and in Other Proceedings：A Historical Analysis318

7. The Jurisprudence of the ICTY，the ICTR，and the ICC320

7.1. Participation325

7.1.1. Planning325

7.1.2. Instigating326

7.1.3. Ordering327

7.1.4. Committing328

7.2. Aiding and Abetting329

7.3. Omission331

8. Command Responsibility：Policy Considerations332

8.1. The Evolution of Command Responsibility in the Regulation of Armed Conflicts336

8.2. Civilian Command Responsibility370

9. Joint Criminal Enterprise373

10. Defenses and Exoneration401

10.1. Obedience to Superior Orders403

10.1.1. Rationale403

10.1.2. Policy Considerations406

10.1.3. Scholarly Views410

10.1.4. The Judgments of Tribunals416

10.1.5. Post-Charter Developments429

10.1.6. Conclusion437

10.2. Duress438

10.3. Reprisals452

10.3.1. Introduction452

10.3.2. Historical Evolution454

10.4. Tu Quoque465

10.5. Self-Defense470

10.6. Insanity (Mental Incapacity)470

10.7. Intoxication472

10.8. Mistake of Fact and Mistake of Law473

10.9. Conclusion474

11. ICL Penalties and Sentencing474

11.1. Introduction474

11.2. IMT，IMTFE，and Subsequent Proceedings476

11.3. ICTY and ICTR478

11.4. International Criminal Court481

12. Conclusion484

Ⅴ. The“Indirect Enforcement System:”Modalities of International Cooperation in Penal Matters487

1. Introduction487

2. The Maxim Aut Dedere Autjudlcare487

2.1. Origin and Rationale487

2.2. Nature and Content of the Obligation496

3. The Modalities of "International Cooperation in Penal Matters"499

3.1. Introduction499

3.2. Extradition500

3.3. Legal Assistance (Also Referred to As Mutual Legal Assistance)504

3.4. Execution of Foreign Sentences506

3.5. Recognition of Foreign Penal Judgments509

3.6. Transfer of Criminal Proceedings510

3.7. Freezing and Seizing of Assets (Deriving from Criminal Activities)511

3.8. Intelligence and Law Enforcement Information-Sharing519

3.9. Regional and Sub-Regional "Judicial Spaces"526

4. Assessing the "Indirect Enforcement System"528

5. Conclusion533

Ⅵ. The "Direct Enforcement System:" History of International Criminal Investigations and Prosecutions535

1. Introduction535

2. History of International Criminal Investigations and Prosecutions：From Versailles to Rome，1919-1998540

2.1. Ad Hoc International Investigative Commissions and International Criminal Tribunals since 1919541

2.2. The 1919 Commission on the Responsibilities of the Authors of War and on Enforcement of Penalties542

2.3. The Allies’ Failure to Establish Prosecutions Pursuant to the Treaty of Versailles545

2.4. The Leipzig Trials547

2.5. The 1943 United Nations War Crimes Commission549

2.6. The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg551

2.7. Control Council Law No. 10557

2.8. The Instrument of Surrender of Italy557

2.9. The Far East Commission and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East at Tokyo558

2.10. Politics of Defendant Selection in the Far East562

2.11. Comparison of the Legal Bases for Setting up the IMT，IMTFE，and CCL 10 and Far East Allied Military Prosecutions564

2.12. The Years of Silence：1955-1992565

2.13. The Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992)566

2.14. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia569

2.15. The Rwanda Commission of Experts572

2.16. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)573

3. Establishing an International Criminal Court 1937-1994575

4. Changing Times：1989 to 1998584

4.1. Assessing the Progress from 1989 to 1998589

4.2. Informal Inter-Sessional Meetings594

4.3. The "Like-Minded" States595

4.4. The NGO Community595

4.5. The Draft Statute of the International Criminal Court596

4.6. The Rome Diplomatic Conference June 15-July 17,1998599

4.6.1. The Flow of Texts to the Drafting Committee605

4.6.2. The Negotiating Process609

4.6.3. The Final Stage613

4.6.4. Legal Methods and Techniques616

4.6.5. The Signing of the Convention624

5. Recent Developments 1998-2011625

5.1. ICC Review Conference，Kampala，Uganda (May 31-June 11，2010)630

5.1.1. Evolution of the Definition of the Crime of Aggression632

5.1.2. Defining Aggression and Its Triggering Mechanism635

5.2. Looking Forward642

6. Conclusion648

Ⅶ. The International Criminal Court：A Hybrid "Direct Enforcement System"651

1. The Need for an ICC651

2. The Characteristics of the ICC654

2.1. The Nature of the ICC654

2.2. Complementarity of the ICC and National Legal Systems655

3. Applicable Law656

4. The Jurisdiction of the ICC658

4.1. Preconditions to the Exercise of Jurisdiction658

4.2. Ratione Temporis：When the ICC May Extend Its Jurisdiction660

4.3. Ratione Personae：The Subjects of Criminal Responsibility660

4.4. Ratione Materlae：The Crimes within the Jurisdiction of the ICC661

4.5. The Definition and Elements of the Crime of Aggression666

4.5.1. The Triggering Mechanisms of the Crime of Aggression674

5. Elements of Criminal Responsibility：The General Part678

6. Invoking the Jurisdiction of the Court680

6.1. Referring a "Situation" to the Court：Initiation of the Investigation and Prosecution680

6.2. The Prosecutor’s Proprio Motu Initiation of an Investigation682

6.3. Admissibility and Inadmissibility682

6.4. Ne Bis In Idem684

7. The Court’s Exercise of Jurisdiction685

7.1. Procedural Due Process685

7.2. The Investigation Process686

7.3. The Trial688

7.3.1. The Rights of the Accused at Trial688

7.3.2. Protection of Victims and Witnesses at Trial688

7.3.3. Relevant Evidence and the Protection of National Security688

7.3.4. Offenses against the Administration of Justice689

7.3.5. Decisions and Orders689

7.4. The Appeal690

8. Penalties and Sentencing690

9. Victim Reparation692

10. Enforcement Modalities，Surrender，and Judicial Assistance698

10.1. Enforcement Modalities698

10.2. Surrender of Individuals and Judicial Assistance699

11. Exceptions to the Obligation to Cooperate702

12. The Organization and Operation of the Court705

12.1. The Presidency705

12.2. The Appeals，Trial，and Pre-Trial Division705

12.3. The Prosecutor and the Office of the Prosecutor706

12.4. The Registry707

12.5. The Assembly of States Parties707

13. Relationship of the ICC with the United Nations708

13.1. Relationship to the Security Council708

14. Amending the Statute709

15. The Operation of The Court710

16. Assembly of State Parties710

17. National Implementing Legislation714

18. Summary of the ICC’s Work715

19. Conclusion719

Ⅷ. Mixed Models of International Criminal Justice721

1. Introduction721

2. Kosovo726

3. Bosnia and Herzegovina733

4. Sierra Leone739

5. Timor-Leste753

6. Cambodia760

7. Lebanon769

8. Conclusion778

Ⅸ. The "Procedural Part" of ICL：Procedural and Evidentiary Norms Applicable to International Criminal Proceedings785

1. Introduction785

2. International Criminal Procedure793

2.1. Introduction793

2.2. Rights and Clusters of Rights796

2.2.1. The Right to Life，Liberty，and Security of the Person797

2.2.2. The Right to Recognition before the Law and Equal . Protection of the Law799

2.2.3. The Right to Be Free from Arbitrary Arrest and Detention800

2.2.4. The Right to Freedom from Torture and Cruel，Inhuman，and Degrading Treatment or Punishment802

2.2.5. The Right to Be Presumed Innocent805

2.2.6. The Right to a Fair Trial807

2.2.7. The Right to Assistance of Counsel818

2.2.8. The Right to a Speedy Trial825

2.2.9. The Right to Appeal827

2.2.10. The Right to Be Protected from Double Jeopardy829

2.2.11. The Right to Be Protected from Ex Post Facto Law830

2.3. A Summary of Protected Procedural Rights832

2.4. Conclusion832

3. Rules of Evidence833

3.1. Introduction833

3.2. Historical Evolution of the Rules Governing Evidence835

3.3. The Collection and General Approach to Evidence836

3.4. Fair Trial Rights and Evidence838

3.4.1. Equality of Arms839

3.4.2. The Right to Be Informed Promptly of the Charges and Disclosure of Evidence841

3.4.3. The Right to Translated Documents846

3.4.4. The Rights of the Suspects848

3.4.5. The Right to an Expeditious Trial and to Be Tried without Undue Delay848

3.4.6. The Right to Be Present at Trial850

3.4.7. Witnesses，the Right to a Public Trial，and Protective Measures854

3.4.8. The Privilege against Self-incrimination and the Right to Remain Silent858

3.4.9. Remedies for the Infringement of Rights861

3.5. Other Issues Related to Evidence861

3.5.1. Expert Evidence861

3.5.2. Documentary and Forensic Evidence863

3.5.3. Interpretation of the Rules of Evidence and Procedure at the ICTY/ICTR863

3.6. Evidence in Appellate Proceedings867

4. Conclusion867

Appendix Ⅰ：International Instruments Surveyed869

Appendix Ⅱ：Rights Surveyed870

Appendix Ⅲ：Constitutions Surveyed898

Appendix Ⅳ：ICC Comparison Chart900

Ⅹ. International Criminal Justice in the Age of Globalization909

1. Introduction909

1.1. National Criminal Justice Systems Enforcing ICL Norms915

1.2. The Distinction between the Policies and Goals of Punishment in National Criminal Justice Systems and Those in the ICJ System917

1.3. The Need to Harmonize the International Criminal Justice System and National Criminal Justice Systems919

1.4. The Philosophy and Policy of Punishments for Jus Cogens International Crimes921

1.4.1. Philosophical Considerations921

1.4.2. The Historical Premise of Punishment927

1.4.3. Universal Justice for Jus Cogens International Crimes932

2. Accountability Mechanisms937

2.1. International Prosecutions939

2.2. International and National Criminal Investigatory Commission941

2.3. International and National Truth Commissions943

2.4. National Prosecutions944

2.5. National Lustration Mechanisms946

2.6. National Civil Remedies948

2.7. Mechanisms for the Reparation of Victims951

2.8. Policy Considerations954

2.9. Selecting the Appropriate Accountability Mechanism956

2.10. The Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims958

2.10.1. The Duty to Provide a Remedy958

2.10.2. Duty to Provide Reparation963

2.10.3. Forms of Reparation966

2.11. Social Policy Considerations968

2.12. The Internationalization of National Criminal Justice970

3. Amnesties and International Criminal Justice972

4. Assessment979

ⅩⅠ. Reflections on International Criminal Justice：Past and Future983

1. Introduction983

2. Law and Legal Systems in Historical Perspective989

3. The Origins of Justice Values991

4. Of War and Peace，and of Interests and Values993

4.1. Contemporary Post-Conflict Justice995

4.2. War，Peace，and Realpolitik997

4.3. The Challenge of Impunity1002

5. The Origins of International Criminal Law1003

6. From Tribalism to Supra-Nationalism1008

7. The Paradigms of International Law and Their Evolution1011

8. International Criminal Justice in the Age of Globalization1013

8.1. Introduction1013

8.2. The Twentieth Century1023

8.3. The Third Stage1030

8.4. Tokenism，Symbolism，and Head of State Prosecution1036

9. Assessment1041

ⅩⅡ. A Historical Review and Quantitative Analysis of International Criminal Justice1047

1. The Historical Stages of International Criminal Justice1047

1.1. The Early Historic Period--Thirteenth to Nineteenth Centuries1047

1.2. The Twentieth Century1052

1.3. The Third Stage1058

2. Quantitative Analysis of International Criminal Prosecutions from World War to 20121058

2.1. Introduction1058

2.2. The World War Ⅱ Cases1061

2.3. The Cold War1068

2.4. The Reemergence of ICL1070

3. Deterrence and the Value of ICL1076

4. Tokenism，Symbolism，and Head of State Prosecution1082

5. Assessment1087

List of Court Cases1093

Index1101