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1 The Way of the Program1

1.1 The Python Programming Language1

1.2 What Is a Program?3

1.3 What Is Debugging?3

1.3.1 Syntax Errors3

1.3.2 Runtime Errors4

1.3.3 Semantic Errors4

1.3.4 Experimental Debugging4

1.4 Formal and Natural Languages5

1.5 The First Program6

1.6 Debugging7

1.7 Glossary8

1.8 Exercises9

2 Variables, Expressions, and Statements10

2.1 Values and Types10

2.2 Variables11

2.3 Variable Names and Keywords13

2.4 Statements13

2.5 Operators and Operands14

2.6 Expressions15

2.7 Order of Operations15

2.8 String Operations16

2.9 Comments17

2.10 Debugging17

2.11 Glossary18

2.12 Exercises19

3 Functions21

3.1 Function Calls21

3.2 Type Conversion Functions21

3.3 Math Functions22

3.4 Composition23

3.5 Adding New Functions24

3.6 Definitions and Uses26

3.7 Flow of Execution26

3.8 Parameters and Arguments27

3.9 Variables and Parameters Are Local28

3.10 Stack Diagrams29

3.11 Fruitful Functions and Void Functions30

3.12 Why Functions?31

3.13 Debugging31

3.14 Glossary32

3.15 Exercises33

4 Case Study: Interface Design35

4.1 Turtle World35

4.2 Simple Repetition36

4.3 Exercises37

4.4 Encapsulation38

4.5 Generalization39

4.6 Interface Design40

4.7 Refactoring41

4.8 A Development Plan42

4.9 Docstring43

4.10 Debugging43

4.11 Glossary44

4.12 Exercises44

5 Conditionals and Recursion46

5.1 Modulus Operator46

5.2 Boolean Expressions46

5.3 Logical Operators47

5.4 Conditional Execution48

5.5 Alternative Execution48

5.6 Chained Conditionals49

5.7 Nested Conditionals49

5.8 Recursion50

5.9 Stack Diagrams for Recursive Functions52

5.10 Infinite Recursion52

5.11 Keyboard Input53

5.12 Debugging54

5.13 Glossary55

5.14 Exercises56

6 Fruitful Functions59

6.1 Return Values59

6.2 Incremental Development60

6.3 Composition63

6.4 Boolean Functions64

6.5 More Recursion65

6.6 Leap of Faith67

6.7 One More Example67

6.8 Checking Types68

6.9 Debugging69

6.10 Glossary70

6.11 Exercises71

7 Iteration73

7.1 Multiple Assignment73

7.2 Updating Variables74

7.3 The while Statement75

7.4 break76

7.5 Square Roots77

7.6 Algorithms79

7.7 Debugging79

7.8 Glossary80

7.9 Exercises80

8 Strings82

8.1 A String Is a Sequence82

8.2 len83

8.3 Traversal with a for Loop83

8.4 String Slices85

8.5 Strings Are Immutable86

8.6 Searching86

8.7 Looping and Counting87

8.8 string Methods87

8.9 The in Operator89

8.10 String Comparison89

8.11 Debugging90

8.12 Glossary92

8.13 Exercises92

9 Case Study: Word Play95

9.1 Reading Word Lists95

9.2 Exercises96

9.3 Search97

9.4 Looping with Indices99

9.5 Debugging100

9.6 Glossary101

9.7 Exercises101

10 Lists103

10.1 A List Is a Sequence103

10.2 Lists Are Mutable104

10.3 Traversing a List105

10.4 List Operations106

10.5 List Slices106

10.6 List Methods107

10.7 Map, Filter, and Reduce108

10.8 Deleting Elements109

10.9 Lists and Strings110

10.10 Objects and Values111

10.11 Aliasing113

10.12 List Arguments113

10.13 Debugging115

10.14 Glossary116

10.15 Exercises117

11 Dictionaries119

11.1 Dictionary as a Set of Counters121

11.2 Looping and Dictionaries123

11.3 Reverse Lookup123

11.4 Dictionaries and Lists124

11.5 Memos126

11.6 Global Variables128

11.7 Long Integers129

11.8 Debugging130

11.9 Glossary131

11.10 Exercises131

12 Tuples133

12.1 Tuples Are Immutable133

12.2 Tuple Assignment135

12.3 Tuples as Return Values136

12.4 Variable-Length Argument Tuples136

12.5 Lists and Tuples138

12.6 Dictionaries and Tuples139

12.7 Comparing Tuples141

12.8 Sequences of Sequences142

12.9 Debugging143

12.10 Glossary144

12.11 Exercises145

13 Case Study: Data Structure Selection147

13.1 Word Frequency Analysis147

13.2 Random Numbers148

13.3 Word Histogram149

13.4 Most Common Words151

13.5 Optional Parameters152

13.6 Dictionary Subtraction152

13.7 Random Words153

13.8 Markov Analysis154

13.9 Data Structures155

13.10 Debugging157

13.11 Glossary158

13.12 Exercises158

14 Files159

14.1 Persistence159

14.2 Reading and Writing159

14.3 Format Operator160

14.4 Filenames and Paths161

14.5 Catching Exceptions163

14.6 Databases164

14.7 Pickling165

14.8 Pipes166

14.9 Writing Modules167

14.10 Debugging168

14.11 Glossary169

14.12 Exercises169

15 Classes and Objects172

15.1 User-Defined Types172

15.2 Attributes173

15.3 Rectangles174

15.4 Instances as Return Values176

15.5 Objects Are Mutable176

15.6 Copying177

15.7 Debugging179

15.8 Glossary179

15.9 Exercises180

16 Classes and Functions182

16.1 Time182

16.2 Pure Functions183

16.3 Modifiers184

16.4 Prototyping versus Planning185

16.5 Debugging187

16.6 Glossary188

16.7 Exercises188

17 Classes and Methods189

17.1 Object-Oriented Features189

17.2 Printing Objects190

17.3 Another Example192

17.4 A More Complicated Example192

17.5 The Init Method193

17.6 The__str__ method194

17.7 Operator Overloading195

17.8 Type-Based Dispatch195

17.9 Polymorphism197

17.10 Debugging198

17.11 Glossary199

17.12 Exercises199

18 Inheritance201

18.1 Card Objects201

18.2 Class Attributes202

18.3 Comparing Cards204

18.4 Decks205

18.5 Printing the Deck205

18.6 Add, Remove, Shuffle, and Sort206

18.7 Inheritance207

18.8 Class Diagrams209

18.9 Debugging210

18.10 Glossary211

18.11 Exercises212

19 Case Study: Tkinter214

19.1 GUI214

19.2 Buttons and Callbacks215

19.3 Canvas Widgets216

19.4 Coordinate Sequences217

19.5 More Widgets218

19.6 Packing Widgets220

19.7 Menus and Callables223

19.8 Binding223

19.9 Debugging226

19.10 Glossary227

19.11 Exercises228

Appendix231

Index241