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CHAPTER 1 Chemistry：The Study of Change1

1.1 Chemistry：A Science for the Twenty-First Century2

1.2 The Study of Chemistry5

1.3 The Scientific Method6

Chemistry in Action12

Primordial Helium and the Big Bang Theory12

1.4 Classification of Matter8

1.5 The Three States of Matter10

1.6 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter11

1.7 Measurement13

Chemistry in Action19

The Importance of Units19

1.8 Handling Numbers18

1.9 The Factor-Label Method of Solving Problems25

Key Equations28

Summary of Facts and Concepts29

Key Words29

Questions and Problems29

CHAPTER 2 Atoms，Molecules，and Ions35

2.1 The Atomic Theory36

2.2 The Structure of the Atom37

2.3 Atomic Number，Mass Number，and Isotopes43

2.4 The Periodic Table45

Chemistry in Action47

Distribution of Elements on Earth and in Living Systems47

2.5 Molecules and Ions46

2.6 Chemical Formulas49

2.7 Naming Compounds53

Summary of Facts and Concepts61

Key Words62

Questions and Problems62

CHAPTER 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions67

3.1 Atomic Mass68

3.2 Molar Mass of an Element and Avogadro’s Number69

3.3 Molecular Mass72

3.4 The Mass Spectrometer74

Chemistry in Action76

Gold Fingerprinting by Mass Spectrometry76

3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds75

3.6 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas80

3.7 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations82

3.8 Amounts of Reactants and Products87

3.9 Limiting Reagents90

3.10 Reaction Yield93

Chemistry in Action94

Chemical Fertilizers94

Key Equations96

Summary of Facts and Concepts96

Key Words96

Questions and Problems97

CHAPTER 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution105

4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions106

4.2 Precipitation Reactions108

Chemistry in Action112

An Undesirable Precipitation Reaction112

4.3 Acid-Base Reactions111

4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions116

Chemistry in Action129

Breath Analyzer129

4.5 Concentration of Solutions128

4.6 Gravimetric Analysis133

4.7 Acid-Base Titrations135

4.8 Redox Titrations138

Chemistry in Action140

Metal from the Sea140

Key Equations140

Summary of Facts and Concepts140

Key Words141

Questions and Problems141

Chemical Mystery150

Who Killed Napoleon？150

CHAPTER 5 Gases153

5.1 Substances That Exist as Gases154

5.2 Pressure of a Gas155

5.3 The Gas Laws158

5.4 The Ideal Gas Equation166

5.5 Gas Stoichiometry173

5.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures175

Chemistry in Action180

Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws180

5.7 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases179

Chemistry in Action188

Super Cold Atoms188

5.8 Deviation from Ideal Behavior187

Key Equations191

Summary of Facts and Concepts192

Key Words193

Questions and Problems193

Chemical Mystery202

Out of Oxygen202

CHAPTER 6 Thermochemistry205

6.1 The Nature of Energy and Types of Energy206

6.2 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions207

6.3 Enthalpy208

6.4 Calorimetry212

Chemistry in Action217

Fuel Values of Foods and Other Substances217

6.5 Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction216

Chemistry in Action223

How a Bombardier Beetle Defends Itself223

6.6 Heat of Solution and Dilution222

6.7 Introduction to Thermodynamics225

Chemistry in Action233

Making Snow and Inflating a Bicycle Tire233

Key Equations234

Summary of Facts and Concepts234

Key Words234

Questions and Problems235

Chemical Mystery242

The Exploding Tire242

CHAPTER 7 Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structureof Atoms245

7.1 From Classical Physics to Quantum Theory246

7.2 The Photoelectric Effect250

7.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom252

Chemistry in Action258

Element from the Sun258

Chemistry in Action260

Laser—The Splendid Light260

7.4 The Dual Nature of the Electron257

Chemistry in Action262

Electron Microscopy262

7.5 Quantum Mechanics263

7.6 Quantum Numbers265

7.7 Atomic Orbitals267

7.8 Electron Configuration271

7.9 The Building-Up Principle277

Key Equations281

Summary of Facts and Concepts281

Key Words282

Questions and Problems283

CHAPTER 8 Periodic Relationships Among the Elements289

8.1 Development of the Periodic Table290

8.2 Periodic Classification of the Elements292

8.3 Periodic Variation in Physical Properties296

Chemistry in Action304

The Third Liquid Element？304

8.4 Ionization Energy303

8.5 Electron Affinity307

8.6 Variation in Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements310

Chemistry in Action321

Discovery of the Noble Gases321

Summary of Facts and Concepts322

Key Words323

Questions and Problems323

CHAPTER 9 Chemical Bonding Ⅰ：Basic Concepts329

9.1 Lewis Dot Symbols330

9.2 The Ionic Bond330

9.3 Lattice Energy of Ionic Compounds333

Chemistry in Action337

Sodium Chloride—A Common and Important Ionic Compound337

9.4 The Covalent Bond338

9.5 Electronegativity340

9.6 Writing Lewis Structures343

9.7 Formal Charge and Lewis Structure346

9.8 The Concept of Resonance349

9.9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule351

Chemistry in Action353

Just Say NO353

9.10 Bond Energy355

Key Equations359

Summary of Facts and Concepts359

Key Words360

Questions and Problems360

CHAPTER 10 Chemical Bonding Ⅱ：Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals367

10.1 Molecular Geometry368

10.2 Dipole Moments377

Chemistry in Action382

Microwave Ovens—Dipole Moments at Work382

10.3 Valence Bond Theory381

10.4 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals385

10.5 Hybridization in Molecules Containing Double and Triple Bonds394

Chemistry in Action397

Are Orbitals Real？397

10.6 Molecular Orbital Theory397

10.7 Molecular Orbital Configurations401

10.8 Delocalized Molecular Orbitals406

Chemistry in Action408

Buckyball，Anyone？408

Key Equations409

Summary of Facts and Concepts410

Key Words411

Questions and Problems411

CHAPTER 11 Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids417

11.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids and Solids418

11.2 Intermolecular Forces419

11.3 Properties of Liquids424

Chemistry in Action429

Why Do Lakes Freeze from the Top Down？429

11.4 Crystal Structure429

11.5 X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals435

11.6 Types of Crystals438

11.7 Amorphous Solids442

Chemistry in Action444

High-Temperature Superconductors444

11.8 Phase Changes443

11.9 Phase Diagrams453

Chemistry in Action455

Hard-Boiling an Egg on a Mountaintop，Pressure Cookers，and Ice Skating455

Chemistry in Action456

Liquid Crystals456

Key Equations458

Summary of Facts and Concepts458

Key Words459

Questions and Problems459

CHAPTER 12 Physical Properties of Solutions467

12.1 Types of Solutions468

12.2 A Molecular View of the Solution Process469

12.3 Concentration Units471

12.4 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility475

12.5 The Effect of Pressure on the Solubility of Gases477

Chemistry in Action480

The Killer Lake480

12.6 Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions479

12.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions491

Chemistry in Action494

Desalination494

12.8 Colloids493

Key Equations497

Summary of Facts and Concepts498

Key Words498

Questions and Problems498

Chemical Mystery506

The Wrong Kniie506

CHAPTER 13 Chemical Kinetics509

13.1 The Rate of a Reaction510

13.2 The Rate Law516

13.3 The Relation between Reactant Concentration and Time519

Chemistry in Action530

Determining the Age of the Shroud of Turin530

13.4 Activation Energy and Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants529

13.5 Reaction Mechanisms536

Chemistry in Action542

Femtochemistry542

13.6 Catalysis543

Key Equations550

summary of Facts and Concepts550

Key Words551

Questions and Problems551

CHAPTER 14 Chemical Equilibrium561

14.1 The Concept of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant562

14.2 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions564

14.3 The Relationship between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium575

14.4 What Does the Equilibrium Constant Tell Us？577

14.5 Factors That Affect Chemical Equilibrium582

Chemistry in Action589

Life at High Altitudes and Hemoglobin Production589

Chemistry in Action590

The Haber Process590

Key Equations590

Summary of Facts and Concepts590

Key Words592

Questions and Problems592

CHAPTER 15 Acids and Bases601

15.1 Bronsted Acids and Bases602

15.2 The Acid-Base Properties of Water603

15.3 pH—A Measure of Acidity605

15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases607

15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants611

15.6 Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants618

15.7 The Relationship between the Ionization Constants of Acids and Their Conjugate Bases620

15.8 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids621

15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids625

15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts628

15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides633

15.12 Lewis Acids and Bases636

Chemistry in Action638

Antacids and the pH Balance in Your Stomach638

Key Equations640

Summary of Facts and Concepts640

Key Words641

Questions and Problems641

Chemical Mystery648

Decaying Papers648

CHAPTER 16 Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria651

16.1 Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Solution Equilibria652

16.2 The Common Ion Effect652

16.3 Buffer Solutions655

16.4 Acid-Base Titrations660

16.5 Acid-Base Indicators668

Chemistry in Action662

Maintaining the pH of Blood662

16.6 Solubility Equilibria671

16.7 Separation of Ions by Fractional Precipitation677

16.8 The Common Ion Effect and Solubility679

16.9 pH and Solubility681

16.10 Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility683

16.11 Application of the Solubility Product Principle to Qualitative Analysis687

Chemistry in Action689

How an Eggshell Is Formed689

Key Equation691

Summary of Facts and Concepts691

Key Words691

Questions and Problems692

Chemical Mystery698

A Hard-Boiled Snack698

CHAPTER 17 Chemistry in the Atmosphere701

17.1 Earth’s Atmosphere702

17.2 Phenomena in the Outer Layers of the Atmosphere704

17.3 Depletion of Ozone in the Stratosphere708

17.4 Volcanoes712

17.5 The Greenhouse Effect713

17.6 Acid Rain719

17.7 Photochemical Smog722

17.8 Indoor Pollution724

Summary of Facts and Concepts727

Key Words728

Questions and Problems728

CHAPTER 18 Entropy，Free Energy，and Equilibrium733

18.1 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics734

18.2 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy734

18.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics739

Chemistry in Action748

The Efficiency of Heat Engines748

18.4 Gibbs Free Energy744

18.5 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium751

18.6 Thermodynamics in Living Systems755

Chemistry in Action756

The Thermodynamics of a Rubber Band756

Key Equations758

Summary of Facts and Concepts758

Key Words758

Questions and Problems759

CHAPTER 19 Electrochemistry765

19.1 Redox Reactions766

19.2 Electrochemical Cells769

19.3 Standard Reduction Potentials771

19.4 Spontaneity of Redox Reactions777

19.5 The Effect of Concentration on Cell Emf780

19.6 Batteries784

19.7 Corrosion789

Chemistry in Action799

Dental Filling Discomfort799

19.8 Electrolysis793

Key Equations800

Summary of Facts and Concepts800

Key Words800

Questions and Problems801

Chemical Mystery808

Tainted Water808

CHAPTER 20 Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals811

20.1 Occurrence of Metals812

20.2 Metallurgical Processes812

20.3 Band Theory of Conductivity820

20.4 Periodic Trends in Metallic Properties823

20.5 The Alkali Metals824

20.6 The Alkaline Earth Metals828

20.7 Aluminum830

Chemistry in Action832

Recycling Aluminum832

Summary of Facts and Concepts834

Key Words834

Questions and Problems834

CHAPTER 21 Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds839

21.1 General Properties of Nonmetallic Elements840

21.2 Hydrogen840

Chemistry in Action846

Metallic Hydrogen846

21.3 Carbon845

Chemistry in Action849

Synthetic Gas from Coal849

21.4 Nitrogen and Phosphorus850

Chemistry in Action857

Ammonium Nitrate—The Explosive Fertilizer857

21.5 Oxygen and Sulfur858

21.6 The Halogens865

Summary of Facts and Concepts872

Key Words873

Questions and Problems873

CHAPTER 22 Transition Metal Chemistry and Coordination Compounds877

22.1 Properties of the Transition Metals878

22.2 Chemistry of Iron and Copper881

22.3 Coordination Compounds883

22.4 Structure of Coordination Compounds887

22.5 Bonding in Coordination Compounds：Crystal Field Theory891

22.6 Reactions of Coordination Compounds897

22.7 Applications of Coordination Compounds900

Chemistry in Action898

Coordination Compounds in Living Systems898

Chemistry in Action900

Cisplatin—The Anticancer Drug900

Key Equation902

Summary of Facts and Concepts902

Key Words903

Questions and Problems903

Chemical Mystery906

Dating Paintings with Prussian Blue906

CHAPTER 23 Nuclear Chemistry909

23.1 The Nature of Nuclear Reactions910

23.2 Nuclear Stability912

23.3 Natural Radioactivity917

23.4 Nuclear Transmutation920

23.5 Nuclear Fission922

Chemistry in Action928

Nature’s Own Fission Reactor928

23.6 Nuclear Fusion929

23.7 Uses of Isotopes932

23.8 Biological Effects of Radiation934

Chemistry in Action936

Food Irradiation936

Key Equation937

Summary of Facts and Concepts937

Key Words937

Questions and Problems937

Chemical Mystery942

The Art Forgery of the Century942

CHAPTER 24 Organic Chemistry945

24.1 Classes of Organic Compounds946

24.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons946

Chemistry in Action948

Ice That Burns948

24.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons959

24.4 Chemistry of the Functional Groups962

Chemistry in Action968

The Petroleum Industry968

Summary of Facts and Concepts970

Key Words971

Questions and Problems972

CHAPTER 25 Synthetic and Natural Organic Polymer977

25.1 Properties of Polymers978

25.2 Synthetic Organic Polymers978

25.3 Proteins982

Chemistry in Action994

Sickle-Cell Anemia—A Molecular Disease994

25.4 Nucleic Acids991

Chemistry in Action996

DNA Fingerprinting996

Summary of Facts and Concepts994

Key Words996

Questions and Problems996

Chemical Mystery1000

A Story That Will Curl Your Hair1000

APPENDIX 1 Derivation of the Names of Elements1

APPENDIX 2 Units for the Gas Constant7

APPENDIX 3 Thermodynamic Data at 1 atm and 25℃8

APPENDIX 4 Mathematical Operations14

Glossary1

Answers to Even-Numbered Problems1

Credits1

Index1