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1 Introduction1

Rewards of jurisprudence2

Jurisprudence3

The arrangement of the contents of this book9

Old debates and new frontiers17

PART 1 LAW AS IT IS21

2 British Legal Positivism21

Positivism and logical positivism22

Thomas Hobbes and Leviathan28

Jeremy Bentham： law and the principle of utility30

John Austin’s command theory of law36

Herbert Hart’s new beginning： the burial of the command concept of law48

British positivism’s contribution to jurisprudence56

3 Germanic Legal Positivism： Hans Kelsen’s Quest for the Pure Theory of Law58

From empiricism to transcendental idealism59

From transcendental idealism to the pure theory of law61

Distinguishing legal and moral norms65

Validity and the basic norm67

Logical unity of the legal order and determining whether a norm belongs to the legal order71

Legitimacy and revolution75

International law84

An evaluation of the pure theory of law89

4 Realism in Legal Theory93

Legal formalism and legal positivism94

American realism96

Scandinavian realism109

PART 2 LAW AND MORALITY119

5 Natural Law Tradition in Jurisprudence119

Law of nature， natural right and natural law120

Two great questions in natural law theory122

Fusion of law and morals in early societies123

Natural law thinking in Greek philosophy125

Reception of natural law in Rome133

Christian natural law136

Theological beginnings of a secular natural law143

Rise of secular natural law： natural rights and social contract146

John Finnis’ restatement of classical natural law151

The enduring legacy of natural law theory159

6 Separation of Law and Morality161

Lon Fuller on the morality of law161

Ronald Dworkin and the integrity of law173

PART 3 SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF LAW185

7 Sociological Jurisprudence and Sociology of Law185

Sociology， sociology of law and sociological jurisprudence186

Society and class struggle： the sociology of Karl Marx189

Max Weber and the rationalisation of the law192

Law and social solidarity： Emile Durkheim’s legal sociology197

The living law： the legal sociology of Eugen Ehrlich203

Roscoe Pound and law as social engineering207

The achievements of the sociological tradition210

8 Radical Jurisprudence： Challenges to Liberal Legal Theory212

Liberalism and liberal legal theory212

Challenge of the critical legal studies （CLS） movement217

Postmodernist challenge223

Feminist jurisprudence233

Challenges to liberal jurisprudence： concluding thoughts239

9 Economic Analysis of Law242

Background and basic concepts243

Transaction costs and the law247

Efficiency of the common law hypothesis256

Public choice theory： the economics of legislation261

Efficiency， wealth maximisation and justice264

10 Evolutionary Jurisprudence267

Introduction267

Argument from design versus the principle of the accumulation of design269

The common law beginnings and the Darwinians before Darwin271

Eighteenth century evolutionism compared with the German historical approach277

The Austrian school and spontaneous order277

Scientific explanations279

Role of purposive action in legal evolution： the contribution of institutional theory280

Pathways of legal evolution： the lessons from new institutionalism287

Normative implications289

PART 4 RIGHTS AND JUSTICE295

11 Fundamental Legal Conceptions： the Building Blocks of Legal Norms295

Bentham and the classication of legal mandates296

Hohfeld’s analysis of jural relations： the exposition of fundamental legal conceptions300

Connecting the two ‘boxes’ in Hohfeld’s system310

Some logical puzzles in Hohfeld’s system311

Value of Hohfeld’s system316

12 Justice318

Justice according to law and justice of the law319

Justice as virtue320

Legal justice329

Distributive justice as social justice333

Justice as fairness： Rawls’ theory of justice336

Entitlement theory of justice： Nozick’s response to Rawls343

Evolutionary theory of justice349

References358

Index366