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1.Introduction2

Learning Objectives2

1.1 Historical Perspective2

1.2 Materials Science and Engineering3

1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering？5

1.4 Classification of Materials5

Materials of Importance-Carbonated Beverage Containers10

1.5 Advanced Materials11

1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs13

1.7 Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Correlations14

Summary16

References17

Question17

2.Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding18

Learning Objectives19

2.1 Introduction19

ATOMIC STRUCTURE19

2.2 Fundamental Concepts19

2.3 Electrons in Atoms20

2.4 The Periodic Table26

ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS28

2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies28

2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds30

2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding34

Materials of Importance-Water（Its Volume Expansion Upon Freezing）37

2.8 Molecules38

Summary38

Equation Summary39

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary40

Important Terms and Concepts40

References40

Questions and Problems41

3.The Structure of Crystalline Solids44

Learning Objectives45

3.1 Introduction45

CRYSTAL STRUCTURES46

3.2 Fundamental Concepts46

3.3 Unit Cells47

3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures47

3.5 Density Computations51

3.6 Polymorphism and Allotropy52

3.7 Crystal Systems52

Materials of Importance-Tin（Its Allotropic Transformation）53

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS，DIRECTIONS，AND PLANES55

3.8 Point Coordinates55

3.9 Crystallographic Directions57

3.10 Crystallographic Planes64

3.11 Linear and Planar Densities68

3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structures70

CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS72

3.13 Single Crystals72

3.14 Polycrystalline Materials72

3.15 Anisotropy73

3.16 X-Ray Diffraction：Determination of Crystal Structures74

3.17 Noncrystalline Solids79

Summary80

Equation Summary82

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary83

Important Terms and Concepts83

References83

Questions and Problems84

4.Imperfections in Solids90

Learning Objectives91

4.1 Introduction91

POINT DEFECTS92

4.2 Vacancies and Self-Interstitials92

4.3 Impurities in Solids93

4.4 Specification of Composition95

MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS99

4.5 Dislocations-Linear Defects99

4.6 Interfacial Defects102

Materials of Importance-Catalysts（and Surface Defects）105

4.7 Bulk or Volume Defects106

4.8 Atomic Vibrations106

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION107

4.9 Basic Concepts of Microscopy107

4.10 Microscopic Techniques108

4.11 Grain Size Determination113

Summary114

Equation Summary116

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary117

Important Terms and Concepts118

References118

Questions and Problems118

Design Problems121

5.Diffusion122

Learning Objectives123

5.1 Introduction123

5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms125

5.3 Steady-State Diffusion126

5.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion128

5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion132

5.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials137

Materials of Importance-Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects140

5.7 Other Diffusion Paths142

Summary142

Equation Summary143

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary144

Important Terms and Concepts144

References144

Questions and Problems145

Design Problems148

6.Mechanical Properties of Metals150

Learning Objectives151

6.1 Introduction151

6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain152

ELASTIC DEFORMATION156

6.3 Stress-Strain Behavior156

6.4 Anelasticity159

6.5 Elastic Properties of Materials160

PLASTIC DEFORMATION162

6.6 Tensile Properties162

6.7 True Stress and Strain170

6.8 Elastic Recovery After Plastic Deformation173

6.9 Compressive，Shear，and Torsional Deformations173

6.10 Hardness174

PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY FACTORS180

6.11 Variability of Material Properties180

6.12 Design/Safety Factors182

Summary184

Equation Summary186

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary187

Important Terms and Concepts188

References188

Questions and Problems188

Design Problems195

7.Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms197

Learning Objectives198

7.1 Introduction198

DISLOCATIONS AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION199

7.2 Basic Concepts199

7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations201

7.4 Slip Systems202

7.5 Slip in Single Crystals204

7.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials208

7.7 Deformation by Twinning210

MECHANISMS OF STRENGTHENING IN METALS211

7.8 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction212

7.9 Solid-Solution Strengthening213

7.10 Strain Hardening215

RECOVERY，RECRYSTALLIZATION，AND GRAIN GROWTH218

7.11 Recovery219

7.12 Recrystallization219

7.13 Grain Growth224

Summary225

Equation Summary228

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary228

Important Terms and Concepts229

References229

Questions and Problems229

Design Problems233

8.Failure234

Learning Objectives235

8.1 Introduction235

FRACTURE236

8.2 Fundamentals of Fracture236

8.3 Ductile Fracture236

8.4 Brittle Fracture239

8.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics242

8.6 Fracture Toughness Testing250

FATIGUE255

8.7 Cyclic Stresses255

8.8 The S-N Curve257

8.9 Crack Initiation and Propagation259

8.10 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life262

8.11 Environmental Effects264

CREEP265

8.12 Generalized Creep Behavior265

8.13 Stress and Temperature Effects266

8.14 Data Extrapolation Methods268

8.15 Alloys for High-Temperature Use269

Summary270

Equation Summary273

Important Terms and Concepts274

References275

Questions and Problems275

Design Problems279

9.Phase Diagrams281

Learning Objectives282

9.1 Introduction282

DEFINITIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS283

9.2 Solubility Limit283

9.3 Phases284

9.4 Microstructure284

9.5 Phase Equilibria285

9.6 One-Component（or Unary） Phase Diagrams286

BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS287

9.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems287

9.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams289

9.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys294

9.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys297

9.11 Binary Eutectic Systems298

Materials of Importance-Lead-Free Solders304

9.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys305

9.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds311

9.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions313

9.15 Congruent Phase Transformations315

9.16 Ceramic and Ternary Phase Diagrams316

9.17 The Gibbs Phase Rule316

THE IRON-CARBON SYSTEM319

9.18 The Iron-Iron Carbide（Fe-Fe3C） Phase Diagram319

9.19 Development of Microstructure in Iron-Carbon Alloys322

9.20 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements330

Summary331

Equation Summary333

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary334

Important Terms and Concepts335

References335

Questions and Problems335

10.Phase Transformations：Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties342

Learning Objectives343

10.1 Introduction343

PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS344

10.2 Basic Concepts344

10.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations344

10.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States355

MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES IN IRON-CARBON ALLOYS356

10.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams356

10.6 Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams367

10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron-Carbon Alloys370

10.8 Tempered Martensite375

10.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron-Carbon Alloys378

Materials of Importance-Shape-Memory Alloys379

Summary381

Equation Summary383

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary384

Important Terms and Concepts385

References385

Questions and Problems385

Design Problems390

11.Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys391

Learning Objectives392

11.1 Introduction392

TYPES OF METAL ALLOYS393

11.2 Ferrous Alloys393

11.3 Nonferrous Alloys406

Materials of Importance-Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins416

FABRICATION OF METALS417

11.4 Forming Operations417

11.5 Casting419

11.6 Miscellaneous Techniques420

THERMAL PROCESSING OF METALS422

11.7 Annealing Processes422

11.8 Heat Treatment of Steels425

11.9 Precipitation Hardening436

Summary442

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary444

Important Terms and Concepts444

References447

Questions and Problems447

Design Problems449

12.Structures and Properties of Ceramics451

Learning Objectives452

12.1 Introduction452

CERAMIC STRUCTURES453

12.2 Crystal Structures453

12.3 Silicate Ceramics464

12.4 Carbon468

Materials of Importance-Carbon Nanotubes471

12.5 Imperfections in Ceramics472

12.6 Diffusion in Ionic Materials476

12.7 Ceramic Phase Diagrams476

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES480

12.8 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics480

12.9 Stress-Strain Behavior485

12.10 Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation487

12.11 Miscellaneous Mechanical Considerations489

Summary491

Equation Summary494

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary494

Important Terms and Concepts495

References495

Questions and Problems495

Design Problems500

13.Applications and Processing of Ceramics501

Learning Objectives502

13.1 Introduction502

TYPES AND APPLICATIONS OF CERAMICS503

13.2 Glasses503

13.3 Glass-Ceramics503

13.4 Clay Products505

13.5 Refractories505

13.6 Abrasives507

13.7 Cements508

13.8 Advanced Ceramics509

Materials of Importance-Piezoelectric Ceramics512

FABRICATION AND PROCESSING OF CERAMICS512

13.9 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics513

13.10 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products518

13.11 Powder Pressing523

13.12 Tape Casting525

Summary526

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary528

Important Terms and Concepts529

References530

Questions and Problems530

Design Problem531

14.Polymer Structures532

Learning Objectives533

14.1 Introduction533

14.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules534

14.3 Polymer Molecules535

14.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules537

14.5 Molecular Weight541

14.6 Molecular Shape544

14.7 Molecular Structure545

14.8 Molecular Configurations547

14.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers550

14.10 Copolymers551

14.11 Polymer Crystallinity552

14.12 Polymer Crystals556

14.13 Defects in Polymers558

14.14 Diffusion in Polymeric Materials559

Summary561

Equation Summary563

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary564

Important Terms and Concepts565

References565

Questions and Problems565

15.Characteristics，Applications，and Processing of Polymers569

Learning Objectives570

15.1 Introduction570

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYMERS570

15.2 Stress-Strain Behavior570

15.3 Macroscopic Deformation573

15.4 Viscoelastic Deformation574

15.5 Fracture of Polymers578

15.6 Miscellaneous Mechanical Characteristics580

MECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION AND FOR STRENGTHENING OF POLYMERS581

15.7 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers581

15.8 Factors That Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers582

Materials of Importance-Shrink-Wrap Polymer Films587

15.9 Deformation of Elastomers588

CRYSTALLIZATION，MELTING，AND GLASS TRANSITION PHENOMENA IN POLYMERS590

15.10 Crystallization590

15.11 Melting592

15.12 The Glass Transition592

15.13 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures592

15.14 Factors That Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures594

POLYMER TYPES596

15.15 Plastics596

Materials of Importance- Phenolic Billiard Balls598

15.16 Elastomers599

15.17 Fibers601

15.18 Miscerianeous Applications601

15.19 Advanced Polymeric Materials603

POLYMER SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING607

15.20 Polymerization607

15.21 Polymer Additives610

15.22 Forming Techniques for Plastics611

15.23 Fabrication of Elastomers614

15.24 Fabrication of Fibers and Films614

Summary616

Equation Summary619

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary619

Important Terms and Concepts620

References620

Questions and Problems621

Design Questions625

16.Composites626

Learning Objectives627

16.1 Introduction627

PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES629

16.2 Large-Particle Composites630

16.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites634

FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES634

16.4 Influence of Fiber Length634

16.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration636

16.6 The Fiber Phase645

16.7 The Matrix Phase646

16.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites647

16.9 Metal-Matrix Composites653

16.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites655

16.11 Carbon-Carbon Composites656

16.12 Hybrid Composites657

16.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites657

STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES660

16.14 Laminar Composites660

16.15 Sandwich Panels661

Materials of Importance -Nanocomposites in Tennis Balls662

Summary663

Equation Summary666

Important Terms and Concepts667

References667

Questions and Problems668

Design Problems671

17.Corrosion and Degradation of Materials673

Learning Objectives674

17.1 Introduction674

CORROSION OF METALS675

17.2 Electrochemical Considerations675

17.3 Corrosion Rates682

17.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates683

17.5 Passivity690

17.6 Environmental Effects692

17.7 Forms of Corrosion692

17.8 Corrosion Environments700

17.9 Corrosion Prevention701

17.10 Oxidation703

CORROSION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS706

DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS707

17.11 Swelling and Dissolution707

17.12 Bond Rupture709

17.13 Weathering710

Summary711

Equation Summary713

Important Terms and Concepts714

References715

Questions and Problems715

Design Problems718

18.Electrical Properties719

Learning Objectives720

18.1 Introduction720

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION721

18.2 Ohm’s Law721

18.3 Electrical Conductivity721

18.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction722

18.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids722

18.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models725

18.7 Electron Mobility727

18.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals728

18.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys731

Materials of Importance-Aluminum Electrical Wires731

SEMICONDUCTIVITY733

18.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction733

18.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction736

18.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration740

18.13 Factors That Affect Carrier Mobility742

18.14 The Hall Effect746

18.15 Semiconductor Devices748

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN IONIC CERAMICS AND IN POLYMERS754

18.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials755

18.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers756

DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR757

18.18 Capacitance757

18.19 Field Vectors and Polarization759

18.20 Types of Polarization762

18.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant764

18.22 Dielectric Strength765

18.23 Dielectric Materials765

OTHER ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS765

18.24 Ferroelectricity766

18.25 Piezoelectricity767

Summary767

Equation Summary770

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary772

Important Terms and Concepts773

References774

Questions and Problems774

Design Problems779

19.Thermal Properties781

Learning Objectives782

19.1 Introduction782

19.2 Heat Capacity782

19.3 Thermal Expansion785

Materials of Importance -Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys788

19.4 Thermal Conductivity789

19.5 Thermal Stresses792

Summary794

Equation Summary795

Important Terms and Concepts796

References796

Questions and Problems796

Design Problems798

20.Magnetic Properties800

Learning Objectives801

20.1 Introduction801

20.2 Basic Concepts801

20.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism805

20.4 Ferromagnetism807

20.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism809

20.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior813

20.7 Domains and Hysteresis814

20.8 Magnetic Anisotropy818

20.9 Soft Magnetic Materials819

Materials of Importance-An Iron-Silicon Alloy That Is Used in Transformer Cores821

20.10 Hard Magnetic Materials822

20.11 Magnetic Storage825

20.12 Superconductivity828

Summary832

Equation Summary834

Important Terms and Concepts835

References835

Questions and Problems835

Design Problems839

21.Optical Properties840

Learning Objectives841

21.1 Introduction841

BASIC CONCEPTS841

21.2 Electromagnetic Radiation841

21.3 Light Interactions with Solids843

21.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions844

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS845

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS846

21.5 Refraction846

21.6 Reflection848

21.7 Absorption849

21.8 Transmission852

21.9 Color853

21.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators854

APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA855

21.11 Luminescence855

Materials of Importance-Light-Emitting Diodes856

21.12 Photoconductivity858

21.13 Lasers858

21.14 Optical Fibers in Communications863

Summary865

Equation Summary868

Important Terms and Concepts869

References869

Questions and Problems869

Design Problem871

22.Economic，Environmental，and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering872

Learning Objectives873

22.1 Introduction873

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS873

22.2 Component Design874

22.3 Materials874

22.4 Manufacturing Techniques875

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS875

22.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering878

Materials of Importance-Biodegradable and Biorenewable Polymers/ Plastics881

Summary884

References884

Design Questions885

Appendix A The International System of Units（SI）887

Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials889

B.1 Density889

B.2 Modulus of Elasticity892

B.3 Poisson’s Ratio896

B.4 Strength and Ductility897

B.5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness902

B.6 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion903

B.7 Thermal Conductivity907

B.8 Specific Heat910

B.9 Electrical Resistivity912

B.10 Metal Alloy Compositions915

Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials917

Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers922

Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials926

Glossary927

Answers to Selected Problems942

Index947