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1.Beginnings1

Steps 1 and 2: Sometimes Existing Tools Won’t Do, and Dignity has to Step In2

Step 3: Usefulness in Hard Cases Suggests Usefulness in Easier Cases3

Step 4: （a） Dignity’s Substantive Meaning, and （b） a Transactional Model of Deployment4

（a） What is Dignity?4

（b） Deploying the Notion of Dignity: a Transactional Model15

（c） Looking Back at this Pair of Steps18

Step 5: Dignity is the Bioethical Theory of Everything19

Step 6: Being Reassured by our Intuitions21

Assumptions about the Role of Law22

2.A Short History of Dignity24

The Emergence of Men24

The Ancient World27

Made in the Image of God: Judaeo-Christian Understandings of Human Dignity28

Subsequent Christian Understandings of Dignity32

The Middle Ages and the Renaissance33

More Footnotes on Stoicism: Kant and the Enlightenment34

The Popularisation of Dignity39

Dignity Today: an Introduction40

3.Defining and Dissecting Dignity43

Feldman44

Schroeder45

Killmister46

Clapham49

Bostrom49

Gormally and Lebech50

Kass53

Beyleveld and Brownsword56

Ronald Dworkin57

4.‘Dignity is Useless’58

‘Dignity is too Amorphous to be Useful’58

‘Dignity is Intrinsically Religious, and Hence Suspect ’62

The Autonomists62

Can Rights do the Job of Dignity?66

5.What do Non-philosophers and Non-lawyers Mean by Dignity?68

The Royal College of Nursing （UK）72

The Social Care Institute for Excellence （UK）72

The American Association of Colleges of Nursing （USA）73

The View from the Ward74

6.Taking Stock of the View from the Academy and the Ward80

7.Dignity in the Courtroom: General Overview85

Dignity in National and International Instruments85

International Instruments Dealing Speci№ically with Healthcare and Bioethics87

（a） The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine （the Oviedo Convention, 1997）87

（b） The Additional Protocol to the Oviedo Convention, concerning Biomedical Research87

（c） The Additional Protocol to the Oviedo Convention, on the Prohibition of Cloning Human Beings88

（d） The Additional Protocol to the Oviedo Convention, on Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of Human Origin88

（e） The Additional Protocol to the Oviedo Convention, on Genetic Testing for Health Purposes88

（f） The UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights88

（g） The UNESCO Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights89

（h） UNESCO International Declaration on Human Genetic Data91

（i） The World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research involving Human Subjects91

What is Meant by ‘Dignity’ in these and other Instruments?92

Throwing Dwarfs in France95

Dignity as the Most Basic Legal Value97

Dignity in the Bioethics Context: Have the Courts said Definitively what they mean by Dignity?98

Airedale NHS Trust v Bland99

Munby J in R （Burke） v General Medical Council101

8.Consent, Confidentiality, Privacy, Medical Research and Resources111

Consent112

Basics112

How Judges Judge112

The Problems of Ethical and Legal Pluralism113

Does Dignity add Anything to the Conventional Ways of Looking at Consent?114

Confidentiality and Privacy127

Medical Research129

Resources130

9.Human Enhancement and Cloning Technologies134

Cloning135

What about the Law?143

Enhancement145

（a） We’re all enhancers anyway148

（b） Some enhancements are dignity-enhancing150

10.Reproductive Choice and the Unborn154

Reproductive Choice Generally154

General Dignity Observations on the Use of Therapeutic Cloning and other Reproductive Technology156

General Dignity Observations on Abortion159

11.The End of Life165

12.The Use and Abuse of Body Parts173

Epilogue177

Index179