吉姆森英语语音教程 英文版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Part Ⅰ Speech and Language3

1 Communication3

1．1 Speech3

1．2 Writing3

1．3 Language4

1．4 Redundancy5

1．5 Phonetics and Linguistics5

2 The Production of Speech8

2．1 The Speech Chain8

2．2 The Speech Mechanism8

2．2．1 Sources of Energy: The Lungs9

2．2．2 The Larynx and Vocal Folds9

2．2．3 The Resonatihg Cavities12

2．2．3．1 The Pharynx12

2．2．3．2 The Mouth14

2．3 Articulatory Description17

3 The Sounds of Speech18

3．1 Sound Quality18

3．2 The Acoustic Spectrum20

3．2．1 Fundamental Frequency: Pitch22

3．2．2 Intensity: Loudness23

3．2．3 Duration: Length24

3．2．4 Stress24

3．3 Hearing25

4 The Description and Classification of Speech Sounds26

4．1 Phonetic Description26

4．2 Vowel and Consonant26

4．3 Consonants27

4．3．1 Egressive Pulmonic Consonants28

4．3．2 Voicing28

4．3．3 Place of Articulation28

4．3．4 Manner of Articulation29

4．3．5 Obstruents and Sonorants30

4．3．6 Fortis and Lenis30

4．3．7 Classification of Consonants32

4．3．8 Ingressive Pulmonic Consonants32

4．3．9 Egressive Glottalic Consonants32

4．3．10 Ingressive Glottalic Consonants32

4．3．11 Ingressive Velaric Consonants33

4．4 Vowels33

4．4．1 Difficulties of Description34

4．4．2 Cardinal Vowels35

4．4．3 Nasality37

4．4．4 Relatively Pure Vowels vs Gliding Vowels37

4．4．5 Articulatory Classification of Vowels38

5 Sounds in Language40

5．1 Speech Sounds and Linguistic Units40

5．2 The Linguistic Hierarchy41

5．3 Phonemes42

5．3．1 Diversity of Phonemic Solutions43

5．3．2 Distinctive Features43

5．3．3 Allophones44

5．3．4 Neutralization46

5．3．5 Phonemic Systems46

5．4 Transcription48

5．5 Syllables49

5．5．1 The Sonority Hierarchy49

5．5．2 Syllable Constituency50

5．5．3 Syllable Boundaries51

5．6 Vowel and Consonant52

5．7 Prosodic Features53

5．8 Paralinguistic and Extralinguistic Features53

Part Ⅱ The Sounds of English57

6 The Historical Background57

6．1 Phonetic Studies in Britain57

6．1．1 Palsgrave and Salesbury57

6．1．2 Spelling Reformers: Smith, Hart, Gil58

6．1．3 Phoneticians: Wallis, Wilkins, Cooper59

6．1．4 Eighteenth Century: Johnson, Sheridan, Walker, Steele61

6．1．5 Nineteenth Century: Pitman, Ellis, Bell, Sweet62

6．2 Sound Change63

6．2．1 Types of Change64

6．2．2 Rate and Route of Vowel Change66

6．2．3 Sound Change and the Linguistic System67

6．2．4 Sources of Evidence for Reconstruction68

6．2．5 Classical Old English Sound System73

6．2．6 Middle English Sound System73

6．2．7 Early Modern English Sound System74

6．2．8 Present English Sound System75

6．2．9 Modifications in the English Sound System75

7 Standard and Regional Accents77

7．1 Standards of Pronunciation77

7．2 The Emergence of a Standard77

7．3 The Present-day Situation: RP78

7．4 Current Changes within RP81

7．4．1 Changes Almost Complete82

7．4．2 Changes Well-established82

7．4．3 Recent Innovations83

7．4．4 Innovations on the Verge of RP83

7．5 Comparing Systems of Pronunciation84

7．6 Systems and Standards Other than RP84

7．6．1 General American85

7．6．2 Standard Scottish English(SSE)86

7．6．3 London English87

7．6．4 Northern English89

7．6．5 Australian English90

8 The English Vowels91

8．1 The Distinctive Vowels91

8．2 Vowel Glides with a Non-prominent First Element93

8．3 Glides to 〔(〕94

8．4 Vowel Length94

8．4．1 Phonetic Relationships94

8．4．2 Morphophonemic Alternations96

8．5 Transcriptions of English Vowels97

8．6 Acoustics of RP Vowels99

8．7 Learning of Vowels103

8．7．1 Acquisition of Vowels by Native Learners103

8．7．2 Advice to Foreign Learners103

8．8 Descriptions of the Vowels104

8．9 (Relatively) Pure Vowels104

8．9．1 /i:/104

8．9．3 /е/109

8．9．4 / ?/110

8．9．5 /Λ/112

8．9．7 / D:/117

8．9．8 / ?:/118

8．9．9 /υ/121

8．9．10 /U:/122

8．9．11 /3:/124

8．9．12 /?/126

8．10 Diphthongal Vowel Gildes129

8．10．1 /eI/129

8．10．2 /aI/131

8．10．3 /?I/133

8．10．4 /?U/134

8．10．5 /aU/136

8．11 Diphthongs+〔(〕138

8．12 Centring Diphthongs/I?, e?,u?/141

8．12．1 /I?/141

8．12．2 /e?/144

8．12．3 /U?/145

8．13 Vowels in Syllables Without Primary Accent146

8．14 Frequency of Occurrence of RP Vowels148

9 The English Consonants149

9．1 The Distinctive Consonants149

Class A: Obstruents150

9．2 Plosives150

9．2．1 The Phonetic Features of English Plosives151

9．2．2 Acoustic Features of English Plosives154

9．2．3 Acquisition of Plosives by Native Learners156

9．2．4 The Release Stage of English Plosives157

9．2．5 Bilabial Plosives160

9．2．6 Alveolar Plosives162

9．2．7 Velar Plosives165

9．2．8 Glottal Plosive168

9．3 Affricaes171

9．3．1 Palato-alveolar Affricates174

9．4 Fricatives177

9．4．1 Acoustic Features of English Fricatives179

9．4．2 Acquisition of Fricatives by Native Learners180

9．4．3 Labiodental Fricatives181

9．4．4 Dental Fricatives183

9．4．5 Alveolar Fricatives185

9．4．6 Palato-alveolar Fricatives188

9．4．7 Glottal Fricative191

9．5 Voiced and Voiceless as Phonological Categories193

Call B: Sonorants193

9．6 Nasals193

9．6．1 Bilabial Nasal195

9．6．2 Alveolar Nasal196

9．6．3 Velar Nasal198

9．7 Oral Approximants200

9．7．1 Lateral Approximant200

9．7．2 Post-alveolar Approximant205

9．7．3 Palatal and Labial-velar Approximants (or Semi-vowels210

9．7．4 Unrounded Palatal Approximant211

9．7．5 Labial-velar Approximant213

9．8 Frequency of Occurrence of RP Consonants216

Part Ⅲ Words and Connected Speech221

10 Words221

10．1 Accent222

10．2 Accent and Prominence222

10．3 Word Accentual Patterns224

10．3．1 Roots224

10．3．2 Suffixes226

10．3．3 Prefixes228

10．3．4 Secondary Accent228

10．3．5 Compounds228

10．4 Word Accentual Instability231

10．5 Distinctive Word Accentual Patterns233

10．6 Acquisition of Word Accent by Native Learners235

10．7 Advice to Foreign Learners235

10．8 Elision and Epenthesis235

10．9 Variability in the Phonemic Structure of Words238

10．10 Phonotactics239

10．10．1 Word-initial and Word-final Phoneme Sequences240

10．10．2 Word-medial Syllable Division244

10．10．3 Inflexional Suffix Formation245

10．10．4 Acquisition of Phonotactics by Native Learners247

10．10．5 Advice to Foreign Learners247

10．11 Consonant Harmony in the Word Structure of Native Learners247

11 Connected Speech249

11．1 Accent249

11．2 Prominence, Accent, and Rhythm250

11．3 Weak Forms252

11．4 Acquisition of Rhythm and Weak Forms by Native Learners254

11．5 Advice to Foreign Learners255

11．6 Intonation255

11．6．1 The Forms of Intonation256

11．6．1．1 Intonational Phrases256

11．6．1．2 Primary Accents256

11．6．1．3 Types of Nuclear Tone257

11．6．1．4 Secondary Accents261

11．6．1．5 The Pitch of Unaccented Syllables262

11．6．2 The Functions of Intonation264

11．6．2．1 Intonational Phrasing264

11．6．2．2 Primary Accents and New Information265

11．6．2．3 The Meanings of Tones267

11．6．2．4 The Use of Secondary Accents273

11．6．3 Regional Variation in Intonation273

11．6．4 Pitch Range273

11．6．5 Intonation and Punctuation274

11．6．6 Acquisition of Intonation by Native Learners275

11．6．7 Advice to Foreign Learners275

11．7 Hesitations276

11．8 Voice Quality277

12 Words in Connected Speech278

12．1 Citation Forms and Connected Speech278

12．2 Neutralization of Weak Forms280

12．3 Variation in the Accentual Pattern of Words280

12．4 Phonemic and Phonetic Variations at Boundaries280

12．4．1 Allophonic Variations281

12．4．2 Phonemic Variations283

12．4．3 Voiced/Voiceless Variations283

12．4．4 Nasality and Labialization284

12．4．5 Variations of Place285

12．4．6 Elision286

12．4．7 Liaison288

12．4．8 Juncture290

12．5 Frequency of Qccurrence of Monosyllabic and Polysyllabic Words291

12．6 Advice to Foreign Learners292

12．7 Stylistic Variation293

13 Teaching the Pronunciation of English296

13．1 The Place of Pronunciation296

13．2 Models of Pronunciation297

13．2．1 Choice of Basic Model297

13．2．2 A Wider-based RP297

13．3 Performance Targets298

13．4 High Priorities300

13．4．1 Rhythm and Accent300

13．4．2 Segmental Sounds300

13．4．3 Sounds in Connected Speech301

13．4．4 Intonation301

13．5 RP High Acceptability302

13．5．1 Vowels302

13．5．2 Consonants305

13．5．3 Sounds in Connected Speech306

13．5．4 Accentuation307

13．5．5 Intonation307

13．6 Minimum General Intelligibility308

13．6．1 Vowels309

13．6．2 Consonants310

13．6．3 Intonation312

13．6．4 Sounds in Connected Speech313

13．6．5 Minimum General Intelligibility: Conclusion313

13．7 Teaching Methods313

13．7．1 Vowels315

13．7．2 Consonants315

13．7．3 Accentuation316

13．7．4 Intonation316

13．8 Pronouncing Dictionaries317

13．9 Assessment318

Bibliography320

Index333

文库索引340