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PART 1 INTRODUCTION1

Chapter 1 Power Electronic Systems3

1-1 Introduction3

1-2 Power Electronics versus Linear Electronics4

1-3 Scope and Applications7

1-4 Classification of Power Processors and Converters9

1-5 About the Text12

1-6 Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics13

1-7 Convention of Symbols Used14

Problems14

References15

Chapter 2 Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches16

2-1 Introduction16

2-2 Diodes16

2-3 Thyristors18

2-4 Desired Characteristics in Controllable Switches20

2-5 Bipolar Junction Transistors and Monolithic Darlingtons24

2-6 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors25

2-7 Gate-Turn-Off Thyristors26

2-8 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors27

2-9 MOS-Controlled Thyristors29

2-10 Comparison of Controllable Switches29

2-11 Drive and Snubber Circuits30

2-12 Justification for Using Idealized Device Characteristics31

Summary32

Problems32

References32

Chapter 3 Review of Basic Electrical and Magnetic Circuit Concepts33

3-1 Introduction33

3-2 Electric Circuits33

3-3 Magnetic Circuits46

Summary57

Problems58

References60

Chapter 4 Computer Simulation of Power Electronic Converters and Systems61

4-1 Introduction61

4-2 Challenges in Computer Simulation62

4-3 Simulation Process62

4-4 Mechanics of Simulation64

4-5 Solution Techniques for Time-Domain Analysis65

4-6 Widely Used, Circuit-Oriented Simulators69

4-7 Equation Solvers72

Summary74

Problems74

References75

PART 2 GENERIC POWER ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS77

Chapter 5 Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: Line-Frequency ac Uncontrolled dc79

5-1 Introduction79

5-2 Basic Rectifier Concepts80

5-3 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers82

5-4 Voltage-Doubler (Single-Phase) Rectifiers100

5-5 Effect of Single-Phase Rectifiers on Neutral Currents in Three-Phase,Four-Wire Systems101

5-6 Three-Phase, Full-Bridge Rectifiers103

5-7 Comparison of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Rectifiers112

5-8 Inrush Current and Overvoltages at Turn-On112

5-9 Concerns and Remedies for Line-Current Harmonics and Low Power Factor113

Summary113

Problems114

References116

Appendix117

Chapter 6 Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters: Line-Frequency ac Controlled dc121

6-1 Introduction121

6-2 Thyristor Circuits and Their Control122

6-3 Single-Phase Converters126

6-4 Three-Phase Converters138

6-5 Other Three-Phase Converters153

Summary153

Problems154

References157

Appendix158

Chapter 7 dc-dc Switch-Mode Converters161

7-1 Introduction161

7-2 Control of dc-dc Converters162

7-3 Step-Down (Buck) Converter164

7-4 Step-Up (Boost) Converter172

7-5 Buck-Boost Converter178

7-6 Cuk dc-dc Converter184

7-7 Full Bridge dc-dc Converter188

7-8 dc-dc Converter Comparison195

Summary196

Problems197

References199

Chapter 8 Switch-Mode dc-ac Inverters: dc Sinusoidal ac200

8-1 Introduction200

8-2 Basic Concepts of Switch-Mode Inverters202

8-3 Single-Phase Inverters211

8-4 Three-Phase Inverters225

8-5 Effect of Blanking Time on Output Voltage in PWM Inverters236

8-6 Other Inverter Switching Schemes239

8-7 Rectifier Mode of Operation243

Summary244

Problems246

References248

Chapter 9 Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero-Current Switchings249

9-1 Introduction249

9-2 Classification of Resonant Converters252

9-3 Basic Resonant Circuit Concepts253

9-4 Load-Resonant Converters258

9-5 Resonant-Switch Converters273

9-6 Zero-Voltage-Switching, Clamped-Voltage Topologies280

9-7 Resonant-dc-Link Inverters with Zero-Voltage Switchings287

9-8 High-Frequency-Link Integral-Half-Cycle Converters289

Summary291

Problems291

References295

PART 3 POWER SUPPLY APPLICATIONS299

Chapter 10 Switching dc Power Supplies301

10-1 Introduction301

10-2 Linear Power Supplies301

10-3 Overview of Switching Power Supplies302

10-4 dc-dc Converters with Electrical Isolation304

10-5 Control of Switch-Mode dc Power Supplies322

10-6 Power Supply Protection341

10-7 Electrical Isolation in the Feedback Loop344

10-8 Designing to Meet the Power Supply Specifications346

Summary349

Problems349

References351

Chapter 11 Power Conditioners and Uninterruptible Power Supplies354

11-1 Introduction354

11-2 Power Line Disturbances354

11-3 Power Conditioners357

11-4 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs)358

Summary363

Problems363

References364

PART 4 MOTOR DRIVE APPLICATIONS365

Chapter 12 Introduction to Motor Drives367

12-1 Introduction367

12-2 Criteria for Selecting Drive Components368

Summary375

Problems376

References376

Chapter 13 dc Motor Drives377

13-1 Introduction377

13-2 Equivalent Circuit of dc Motors377

13-3 Permanent-Magnet dc Motors380

13-4 dc Motors with a Separately Excited Field Winding381

13-5 Effect of Armature Current Waveform382

13-6 dc Servo Drives383

13-7 Adjustable-Speed dc Drives391

Summary396

Problems396

References398

Chapter 14 Induction Motor Drives399

14-1 Introduction399

14-2 Basic Principles of Induction Motor Operation400

14-3 Induction Motor Characteristics at Rated (Line) Frequency and Rated Voltage405

14-4 Speed Control by Varying Stator Frequency and Voltage406

14-5 Impact of Nonsinusoidal Excitation on Induction Motors415

14-6 Variable-Frequency Converter Classifications418

14-7 Variable-Frequency PWM-VSI Drives419

14-8 Variable-Frequency Square-Wave VSI Drives425

14-9 Variable-Frequency CSI Drives426

14-10 Comparison of Variable-Frequency Drives427

14-11 Line-Frequency Variable-Voltage Drives428

14-12 Reduced Voltage Starting ("Soft Start") of Induction Motors430

14-13 Speed Control by Static Slip Power Recovery431

Summary432

Problems433

References434

Chapter 15 Synchronous Motor Drives435

15-1 Introduction435

15-2 Basic Principles of Synchronous Motor Operation435

15-3 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Sinusoidal Waveforms439

15-4 Synchronous Servomotor Drives with Trapezoidal Waveforms440

15-5 Load-Commutated Inverter Drives442

15-6 Cycloconverters445

Summary445

Problems446

References447

PART 5 OTHER APPLICATIONS449

Chapter 16 Residential and Industrial Applications451

16-1 Introduction451

16-2 Residential Applications451

16-3 Industrial Applications455

Summary459

Problems459

References459

Chapter 17 Electric Utility Applications460

17-1 Introduction460

17-2 High-voltage dc Transmission460

17-3 Static var Compensators471

17-4 Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage Systems to the Utility Grid475

17-5 Active Filters480

Summary480

Problems481

References482

Chapter 18 Optimizing the Utility Interface with Power Electronic Systems483

18-1 Introduction483

18-2 Generation of Current Harmonics484

18-3 Current Harmonics and Power Factor485

18-4 Harmonic Standards and Recommended Practices485

18-5 Need for Improved Utility Interface487

18-6 Improved Single-Phase Utility Interface488

18-7 Improved Three-Phase Utility Interface498

18-8 Electromagnetic Interference500

Summary502

Problems503

References503

PART 6 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES505

Chapter 19 Basic Semiconductor Physics507

19-1 Introduction507

19-2 Conduction Processes in Semiconductors507

19-3 pn Junctions513

19-4 Charge Control Description of pn-Junction Operation518

19-5 Avalanche Breakdown520

Summary522

Problems522

References523

Chapter 20 Power Diodes524

20-1 Introduction524

20-2 Basic Structure and Ⅰ-Ⅴ Characteristics524

20-3 Breakdown Voltage Considerations526

20-4 On-State Losses531

20-5 Switching Characteristics535

20-6 Schottky Diodes539

Summary543

Problems543

References545

Chapter 21 Bipolar Junction Transistors546

21-1 Introduction546

21-2 Vertical Power Transistor Structures546

21-3 Ⅰ-Ⅴ Characteristics548

21-4 Physics of BJT Operation550

21-5 Switching Characteristics556

21-6 Breakdown Voltages562

21-7 Second Breakdown563

21-8 On-State Losses565

21-9 Safe Operating Areas567

Summary568

Problems569

References570

Chapter 22 Power MOSFETs571

22-1 Introduction571

22-2 Basic Structure571

22-3 Ⅰ-Ⅴ Characteristics574

22-4 Physics of Device Operation576

22-5 Switching Characteristics581

22-6 Operating Limitations and Safe Operating Areas587

Summary593

Problems594

References595

Chapter 23 Thyristors596

23-1 Introduction596

23-2 Basic Structure596

23-3 Ⅰ-Ⅴ Characteristics597

23-4 Physics of Device Operation599

23-5 Switching Characteristics603

23-6 Methods of Improving di/dt and dv/dt Ratings608

Summary610

Problems611

References612

Chapter 24 Gate Turn-Off Thyristors613

24-1 Introduction613

24-2 Basic Structure and Ⅰ-Ⅴ Characteristics613

24-3 Physics of Turn-Off Operation614

24-4 GTO Switching Characteristics616

24-5 Overcurrent Protection of GTOs623

Summary624

Problems624

References625

Chapter 25 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors626

25-1 Introduction626

25-2 Basic Structure626

25-3 Ⅰ-Ⅴ Characteristics628

25-4 Physics of Device Operation629

25-5 Latchup in IGBTs631

25-6 Switching Characteristics634

25-7 Device Limits and SOAs637

Summary639

Problems639

References640

Chapter 26 Emerging Devices and Circuits641

26-1 Introduction641

26-2 Power Junction Field Effect Transistors641

26-3 Field-Controlled Thyristor646

26-4 JFET-Based Devices versus Other Power Devices648

26-5 MOS-Controlled Thyristors649

26-6 Power Integrated Circuits656

26-7 New Semiconductor Materials for Power Devices661

Summary664

Problems665

References666

PART 7 PRACTICAL CONVERTER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS667

Chapter 27 Snubber Circuits669

27-1 Function and Types of Snubber Circuits669

27-2 Diode Snubbers670

27-3 Snubber Circuits for Thyristors678

27-4 Need for Snubbers with Transistors680

27-5 Turn-Off Snubber682

27-6 Overvoltage Snubber686

27-7 Turn-On Snubber688

27-8 Snubbers for Bridge Circuit Configurations691

27-9 GTO Snubber Considerations692

Summary693

Problems694

References695

Chapter 28 Gate and Base Drive Circuits696

28-1 Preliminary Design Considerations696

28-2 de-Coupled Drive Circuits697

28-3 Electrically Isolated Drive Circuits703

28-4 Cascode-Connected Drive Circuits710

28-5 Thyristor Drive Circuits712

28-6 Power Device Protection in Drive Circuits717

28-7 Circuit Layout Considerations722

Summary728

Problems729

References729

Chapter 29 Component Temperature Control and Heat Sinks730

29-1 Control of Semiconductor Device Temperatures730

29-2 Heat Transfer by Conduction731

29-3 Heat Sinks737

29-4 Heat Transfer by Radiation and Convection739

Summary742

Problems743

References743

Chapter 30 Design of Magnetic Components744

30-1 Magnetic Materials and Cores744

30-2 Copper Windings752

30-3 Thermal Considerations754

30-4 Analysis of a Specific Inductor Design756

30-5 Inductor Design Procedures760

30-6 Analysis of a Specific Transformer Design767

30-7 Eddy Currents771

30-8 Transformer Leakage Inductance779

30-9 Transformer Design Procedure780

30-10 Comparison of Transformer and Inductor Sizes789

Summary789

Problems790

References792

Index793