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1.An Introduction to Device Drivers1

The Role of the Device Driver2

Splitting the Kernel4

Classes of Devices and Modules5

Security Issues8

Version Numbering10

License Terms11

Joining the Kernel Development Community12

Overview of the Book12

2.Building and Running Modules15

Setting Up Your Test System15

The Hello World Module16

Kernel Modules Versus Applications18

Compiling and Loading22

The Kernel Symbol Table28

Preliminaries30

Initialization and Shutdown31

Module Parameters35

Doing It in User Space37

Quick Reference39

3.Char Drivers42

The Design of scull42

Major and Minor Numbers43

Some Important Data Structures49

Char Device Registration55

open and release58

scull’s Memory Usage60

read and write63

Playing with the New Devices70

Quick Reference70

4.Debugging Techniques73

Debugging Support in the Kernel73

Debugging by Printing75

Debugging by Querying82

Debugging by Watching91

Debugging System Faults93

Debuggers and Related Tools99

5.Concurrency and Race Conditions106

Pitfalls in scull107

Concurrency and Its Management107

Semaphores and Mutexes109

Completions114

Spinlocks116

Locking Traps121

Alternatives to Locking123

Quick Reference130

6.Advanced Char Driver Operations135

ioctl135

Blocking I/O147

poll and select163

Asynchronous Notification169

Seeking a Device171

Access Control on a Device File173

Quick Reference179

7.Time，Delays，and Deferred Work183

Measuring Time Lapses183

Knowing the Current Time188

Delaying Execution190

Kernel Timers196

Tasklets202

Workqueues205

Quick Reference208

8.Allocating Memory213

The Real Story of kmalloc213

Lookaside Caches217

get_free_page and Friends221

vmalloc and Friends224

Per-CPU Variables228

Obtaining Large Buffers230

Quick Reference231

9.Communicating with Hardware235

I/O Ports and I/O Memory235

Using I/O Ports239

An I/O Port Example245

Using I/O Memory248

Quick Reference255

10.Interrupt Handling258

Preparing the Parallel Port259

Installing an Interrupt Handler259

Implementing a Handler269

Top and Bottom Halves275

Interrupt Sharing278

Interrupt-Driven I/O281

Quick Reference286

11.Data Types in the Kernel288

Use of Standard C Types288

Assigning an Explicit Size to Data Items290

Interface-Specific Types291

Other Portability Issues292

Linked Lists295

Quick Reference299

12.PCIDrivers302

The PCI Interface302

A Look Back：ISA319

PC/104 and PC/104+322

Other PC Buses322

SBus323

NuBus324

External Buses325

Quick Reference325

13.USB Drivers327

USB Device Basics328

USB and Sysfs333

USB Urbs335

Writing a USB Driver346

USB Transfers Without Urbs356

Quick Reference360

14.The Linux Device Model362

Kobjects，Ksets，and Subsystems364

Low-Level Sysfs Operations371

Hotplug Event Generation375

Buses，Devices，and Drivers377

Classes387

Putting It All Together391

Hotplug397

Dealing with Firmware405

Quick Reference407

15.Memory Mapping and DMA412

Memory Management in Linux412

The mmap Device Operation422

Performing Direct I/O435

Direct Memory Access440

Quick Reference459

16.Block Drivers464

Registration465

The Block Device Operations471

Request Processing474

Some Other Details491

Quick Reference494

17.Network Drivers497

How snull Is Designed498

Connecting to the Kernel502

The net_device Structure in Detail506

Opening and Closing515

Packet Transmission516

Packet Reception521

The Interrupt Handler523

Receive Interrupt Mitigation525

Changes in Link State528

The Socket Buffers528

MAC Address Resolution532

Custom ioctl Commands535

Statistical Information536

Multicast537

A Few Other Details540

Quick Reference542

18.TTY Drivers546

A Small TTY Driver548

tty_driver Function Pointers553

TTY Line Settings560

ioctls564

proc and sysfs Handling of TTY Devices566

The tty_driver Structure in Detail567

The tty_operations Structure in Detail569

The tty_struct Structure in Detail571

Quick Reference573

Bibliography575

Index579